Spatial cognition

The mental processes involved in perceiving, storing, recalling, and using information about spatial environments — including the locations of objects, distances between them, routes through spaces, and the overall geometry of an area. Spatial cognition enables people to build mental maps, plan routes, and orient themselves within physical or virtual environments. For blind and low-vision individuals, spatial cognition relies on non-visual cues including sound echoes, haptic feedback, proprioception (awareness of body position), and verbal descriptions rather than visual landmarks. Research in accessible virtual environments has identified distinct approaches to spatial cognition: some users actively build mental maps through systematic exploration strategies (such as shorelining along walls), while others take pragmatic approaches focused solely on reaching a goal. Understanding how different users develop spatial cognition is essential for designing accessible navigation systems across physical and virtual environments.