Universal design

A design philosophy that aims to create products, environments, and systems that are usable by the widest possible range of people without the need for adaptation or specialised design. Coined by architect Ronald Mace in 1997, universal design is guided by seven principles: equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, and size and space for approach and use. Unlike accessibility, which often focuses on meeting specific standards for people with identified disabilities, universal design aims to benefit everyone — including older adults, people with temporary impairments, and those carrying heavy loads or pushing prams. In digital contexts, universal design informs approaches that go beyond WCAG compliance to create inherently flexible interfaces.