Tactile graphic production

The process of converting visual images — such as textbook diagrams, charts, maps, and illustrations — into raised tactile representations that can be explored by touch. Production methods include swell paper (microcapsule paper heated to raise printed lines), embossing, thermoforming, 3D printing, and CNC milling. Tactile graphic production requires specialised knowledge of simplification strategies, tactile symbol conventions, appropriate texture and spacing choices, and labelling methods (Braille, QR codes, or audio overlays). The process is time-consuming and often creates bottlenecks in making STEM educational materials accessible to blind students.