Dual Coding Theory

A cognitive theory proposed by Allan Paivio in 1971 that posits humans process information through two distinct but interconnected channels: verbal (language-based) and non-verbal (imagery-based). When information is presented through both channels simultaneously, comprehension and retention are enhanced because the two representations reinforce each other. In accessibility, dual coding theory provides the theoretical foundation for multimodal learning approaches such as combining tactile graphics with verbal narration, pairing sonification with text descriptions, or using audio descriptions alongside tactile models. The theory supports the design of tactile data comics and other synchronized multimodal educational tools.