Data Physicalization

The practice of representing data through physical, tangible objects rather than on-screen visualizations. Data physicalizations encode information in the shape, texture, size, weight, or other physical properties of objects, making data accessible through touch and spatial exploration. The field is particularly relevant for accessibility because physical data representations can provide blind and visually impaired users with independent access to data that is typically presented visually. Embroidery, 3D printing, and laser cutting are among the fabrication methods used to create data physicalizations.