Proprioception

The body's ability to sense its own position, movement, and orientation in space without relying on vision. Proprioceptive information comes from sensory receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints that detect stretch, tension, and pressure. For people who are blind or have low vision, proprioception is especially important for learning body movement, maintaining balance, and navigating physical spaces. Research shows that congenitally blind individuals may have different proprioceptive development compared to those who acquired blindness later, since early visual experience contributes to calibrating proprioceptive awareness.