Traumatic Brain Injury

An injury to the brain caused by an external bodily force, typically from road traffic accidents, falls, or other impacts. TBI severity is classified using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): mild (GCS 13-15), moderate (GCS 9-12), and severe (GCS 3-8), with additional factors including duration of loss of consciousness and evidence of structural brain damage on imaging. Effects of moderate-to-severe TBI are heterogeneous and often long-lasting, commonly including impairments in prospective memory, working memory, executive function, attention, language comprehension, emotional regulation, and social communication. These cognitive and communication challenges can profoundly limit independence in everyday activities including work, education, relationships, and community participation, making accessible technology design essential for this population.