Shape Display

A physical computing device consisting of a grid of motorised pins that can be raised and lowered to create dynamic tactile relief surfaces. Shape displays render digital 3D content as physical topographies that users can explore by touch, providing real-time haptic feedback without the delays of 3D printing. They are called "2.5D" because while they convey height variation (depth cues), they cannot represent true 3D features like overhangs or enclosed cavities. Shape displays have been used in accessibility applications including tactile graphics, 3D model previewing for blind users, and interactive maps.