PANAS

PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) is a validated psychological instrument for measuring emotional states, consisting of two 10-item scales measuring positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). Positive affect terms include enthusiastic, interested, determined, excited, and inspired; negative affect terms include distressed, upset, hostile, irritable, and afraid. In accessibility research, PANAS provides a standardized method for measuring the emotional impact of interface design on users with disabilities, going beyond task-completion metrics to capture user experience holistically. The scale helps quantify the emotional cost of accessibility barriers and can compare experiences across user groups.