Taylor Frame

A tactile tool used by visually impaired students to perform arithmetic calculations. The device consists of a rectangular board with rows of holes into which small lead or plastic bars are inserted. Each bar has notched ends representing digits 0-9, which users identify by touch. While widely used in schools for the blind, particularly in South Asia, the Taylor frame has significant usability limitations: bars can rotate when touched, the digit representation differs from standard Braille notation, errors cannot be easily corrected, and maintaining spatial alignment during multi-step calculations is cognitively demanding.