VBraille

A method for representing Braille characters on a smartphone touchscreen using vibration feedback. The screen is divided into a 3-row by 2-column grid matching a standard Braille cell layout, and the phone vibrates when the user touches regions corresponding to raised dots in the current character. Originally developed as an output method for deaf-blind mobile device users since it requires no visual or audio output, VBraille has been extended for both reading (identifying characters through touch exploration) and writing (entering characters by double-tapping regions). It offers a low-cost alternative to expensive refreshable Braille displays for learning Braille character encodings.