Conceptual Model

A user's internal understanding of how a system works, including what actions are possible, what the current state is, and what the consequences of actions will be. Conceptual models are critical in accessibility because users who cannot build an accurate mental representation of an interface — due to memory impairment, visual impairment, cognitive load, or lack of confidence — may be unable to use it effectively even if it meets technical accessibility standards. Research with older adults has shown that difficulties in constructing conceptual models are a major barrier to technology adoption, particularly when both memory and vision impairments reduce the availability of visual and contextual cues.