Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

A range of non-cognitive symptoms and behaviours associated with dementia, including agitation, aggression, wandering, repetitive behaviours, sleep disturbances, anxiety, depression, delusions, and hallucinations. BPSD affects up to 90% of people with dementia at some point during their illness and places a significant burden on caregivers and care systems. Non-pharmacological interventions such as reminiscence therapy, music therapy, sensory stimulation, and structured activities are increasingly preferred over medication for managing BPSD due to the limited effectiveness and side effects of pharmacological approaches. Assistive technologies that reduce agitation, provide meaningful engagement, or support structured routines can play an important role in managing these symptoms.