Indoor Localization

The problem of determining the precise location of a person or device inside a building, where GPS signals are weak or unavailable. Indoor localization is foundational for accessible wayfinding systems aimed at blind and low-vision travellers, who need to know their position accurately enough to distinguish adjacent doors, corridors, or platforms. Common techniques include Bluetooth Low Energy beacon fingerprinting, Wi-Fi RSSI triangulation, visual light communication, RFID tags embedded in floors or pavement, computer-vision landmark recognition, and inertial (dead-reckoning) sensing. Most practical systems combine two or more approaches to balance accuracy, cost, and deployment effort.