End-to-End Verifiability

End-to-end verifiability (E2EV) is a property of voting systems that allows voters to independently verify that their ballot was cast as intended, recorded as cast, and counted as recorded — without relying on trust in any single authority or system component. It is composed of individual verifiability (a voter can confirm their own ballot was correctly included) and universal verifiability (any observer can confirm the tally is correct). E2EV is critical for accessible internet voting because it lets voters with disabilities confirm their participation without requiring an in-person paper audit trail.