Near-Duplicate Pages

Near-duplicate pages are web pages that belong to the same functional state from a testing perspective but exhibit low visual or structural similarity due to dynamic content differences. Common causes include dynamically loaded data, dynamically generated HTML attributes such as unique element IDs created by JavaScript frameworks, dynamic element reordering due to asynchronous loading, and extendable elements like lists or grids that vary in item count. Near-duplicate pages present a significant challenge for automated accessibility testing tools, which may incorrectly treat them as distinct states and waste testing resources re-exploring identical functionality.