Tempo

The speed or pace of a musical piece, typically measured in beats per minute (BPM). Tempo is one of the primary features that shapes emotional perception of music — fast tempos (130+ BPM) are associated with excitement and urgency, slow tempos (60–80 BPM) with calm or solemnity. In media accessibility research, tempo is a critical feature for music captioning and sound visualization for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing users, because rhythm and pacing carry affective information that is lost when audio is rendered only as a generic '[music]' tag.