Haptic Rendering

The process of computing and outputting touch-based signals — forces, vibrations, textures, or friction — so that a user can perceive virtual or remote objects through the sense of touch. Haptic rendering covers kinesthetic rendering (force feedback via joysticks, exoskeletons, or styluses) and tactile/vibrotactile rendering (vibrations via actuators embedded in phones, tablets, wearables, or specialized touchscreens). In accessibility, haptic rendering is foundational to refreshable Braille, tactile graphics tablets, wayfinding wearables, and emerging material-texture displays that translate digital images, maps, or interfaces into non-visual touch experiences for blind and low-vision users.