Networked Minds Social Presence Inventory

The Networked Minds Social Presence Inventory is a self-report questionnaire developed by Biocca, Harms and colleagues to measure social presence - the sense of 'being together' with another person - in mediated environments such as video calls, virtual reality or augmented reality telepresence. It is organised into subscales covering co-presence, perceived attentional engagement, perceived emotional contagion, perceived comprehension and perceived behavioural interdependence, with paired self/other items rated on a Likert scale. It is widely used in accessibility and HCI research to compare how well different communication modalities support connection, and is a common instrument in studies evaluating AR and VR systems for autistic users and others for whom face-to-face interaction is challenging.