End-to-End Verifiable Voting

A class of voting systems designed so that each voter can independently verify their vote was cast as intended, recorded as cast, and counted as recorded, while preserving ballot secrecy. Examples include Helios, Belenios, Scantegrity, Pret-a-Voter, and newer wallet-based approaches. E2E-V systems are widely considered the gold standard for electronic voting security, but their usability has been a long-standing problem: manual code comparison, mental models of cryptographic verification, and handling verification failures have all been shown to confuse voters. For disability and accessibility research, E2E-V voting is a live design space where the tension between cryptographic guarantees and usable, accessible interfaces remains unresolved.