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• Programming for Usability in Nonvisual User Interfaces

  Gerhard Weber · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This short paper from Harz University addresses a fundamental problem in accessible software development: sighted developers working in visual programming environments must create interfaces that are usable nonvisually, but standard software engineering methods provide no tools…

  accessibility API · screen readers · software engineering · nonvisual interface · usability

• Lessons from Developing Audio HTML Interfaces

  Frankie James · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper presents the AHA (Audio HTML Access) framework, a set of principles for choosing sounds to use in audio-based HTML interfaces designed for blind and visually impaired users. The research builds on earlier work at Stanford University exploring how web content can be…

  audio interfaces · non-visual web access · sonification · speech synthesis · blind users

• Making VRML Accessible for People with Disabilities

  Sandy Ressler, Qiming Wang · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) presents a taxonomy of techniques for making Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) environments accessible to people with disabilities. Written at a time when VRML was emerging as a…

  virtual reality · VRML · virtual environments · audio feedback · spatialized audio

• Adaptation of a Cash Dispenser to the Needs of Blind and Visually Impaired People

  Jens M. Manzke · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from ETH Zurich describes the software adaptation of an Olivetti cash dispenser (ATM) to make it accessible to blind and visually impaired people, conducted as part of Switzerland's Walk-up-and-use Technology initiative. The key constraint was that no hardware…

  ATM accessibility · self-service terminals · blind users · low vision · speech output

• SUITEKeys: A Speech Understanding Interface for the Motor-Control Challenged

  Bill Manaris, Alan Harkreader · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from the University of Southwestern Louisiana presents SUITEKeys, a continuous speech understanding interface that provides complete computer access to users with motor-control impairments by modelling all interaction at the physical keyboard and mouse level. Unlike…

  speech recognition · motor disabilities · voice input · alternative input · natural language interface

• A Tool for Creating Eye-Aware Applications that Adapt to Changes in User Behavior

  Greg Edwards · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from Stanford University's Archimedes Project presents the Black Squirrel Eye Interpretation Engine, a development tool for creating eye-aware software applications that adapt in real-time to changes in a user's natural eye-movement behaviours and intentions. The work…

  eye tracking · gaze interaction · eye-controlled interface · adaptive interface · ALS

• Conversational Gestures for Direct Manipulation on the Audio Desktop

  T. V. Raman · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper by T. V. Raman of Adobe Systems' Advanced Technology Group presents a systematic methodology for designing auditory interfaces by decomposing visual interaction into "conversational gestures" — the atomic building blocks of human-computer dialogue. Rather than…

  auditory interface · audio desktop · speech-enabling · conversational gestures · direct manipulation

• Toward the Use of Speech and Natural Language Technology in Intervention for a Language-Disordered Population

  Jill Fain Lehman · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from Carnegie Mellon University describes the design of Simone Says, an interactive software environment for language remediation in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The system brings together speech recognition, natural language processing, and…

  autism spectrum disorder · language remediation · speech recognition · natural language processing · computer-aided instruction