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• Hyperbraille: a hypertext system for the blind

  T. Kieninger, N. Kuhn · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This 1994 paper presents Hyperbraille, a system designed to make hypertext documents accessible to blind users through braille output devices. The research addresses a fundamental challenge: hypertext systems rely heavily on visual cues such as highlighted or colored text to…

  Braille · hypertext · blind users · navigation · document analysis

• Audio formatting of a graph

  S. H. Zhang, M. Krishnamoorthy · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This 1994 paper introduces Audio Formatting of a Graph (AFG), a software package designed to make graph theory accessible to visually impaired students and researchers. Graph theory — the mathematical study of relationships between objects represented as nodes and edges — relies…

  sonification · graph theory · blind users · audio representation · mathematics accessibility

• Personal guidance system for the visually impaired

  J. M. Loomis, R. G. Golledge, R. L. Klatzky, J. M. Speigle, J. Tietz · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This 1994 paper outlines the design and progress of a portable navigation system intended to enable visually impaired individuals to travel independently through both familiar and unfamiliar environments. The system integrates three core functional components: a positioning and…

  navigation · blind users · GPS · geographic information system · wayfinding

• Iconic language design for people with significant speech and multiple impairments

  P. L. Albacete, S.-K. Chang, G. Polese, B. Baker · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper presents a formal methodology for designing iconic languages used in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems for people with significant speech and multiple impairments (SSMI). The authors build on the Minspeak system, conceived by co-author Bruce…

  AAC · iconic language · semantic compaction · Minspeak · speech impairment

• A system for teaching speech to profoundly deaf children using synthesized acoustic and articulatory patterns

  E. Keate, H. Javkin, N. Antonanzas-Barroso, R. Zou · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper describes a PC-based computer-assisted speech training system for profoundly deaf children that integrates a text-to-speech (TTS) synthesizer to generate both acoustic and articulatory models for any typed utterance. The system addresses a fundamental limitation of…

  deaf education · speech training · text-to-speech · palatography · visual feedback

• Interface modeling issues in providing access to GUIs for the visually impaired (panel session)

  A. D. N. Edwards, E. D. Mynatt, J. Thatcher · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This Assets '94 panel session brought together three leading researchers to discuss the fundamental challenge of making graphical user interfaces accessible to blind and visually impaired users. By 1994, the computing world was rapidly transitioning from text-based command-line…

  GUI accessibility · screen reader · blind users · off-screen model · interface modeling

• LVRS: the low vision research system

  M. Krell · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This 1994 paper introduces the Low Vision Research System (LVRS), a computer-based research tool designed for vision researchers developing vision enhancement systems for people with low vision. The system comprises three integrated components: warping software that can…

  low vision · vision enhancement · image processing · image warping · digital video

• Automatic impact sound generation for using in nonvisual interfaces

  A. Darvishi, E. Munteanu, V. Guggiana, H. Schauer, M. Motavalli, M. Rauterberg · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper describes a joint research project between the University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) aimed at developing an audio framework for non-visual interfaces based on physically modeled impact sounds. Rather than using arbitrary audio cues…

  sonification · auditory display · non-visual interface · physical modeling · sound synthesis

• Pattern recognition and synthesis for sign language translation system

  M. Ohki, H. Sagawa, T. Sakiyama, E. Oohira, H. Ikeda, H. Fujisawa · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper describes a bidirectional sign language translation system being developed to translate between Japanese Sign Language (JSL) and written Japanese. The system addresses both directions of translation: recognizing sign language input and converting it to Japanese text,…

  sign language recognition · sign language synthesis · Japanese Sign Language · gesture recognition · DataGlove

• Screen Reader/2: Access to OS/2 and the Graphical User Interface

  Jim Thatcher · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper describes IBM Screen Reader/2, a screen access system that enabled blind users to interact with the OS/2 graphical user interface (GUI), Windows programs running under OS/2, and text-mode DOS and OS/2 programs. The system evolved from nearly a decade of development…

  screen readers · graphical user interface · blind users · off-screen model · text-to-speech

• A communication tool for people with disabilities: lexical semantics for filling in the pieces

  Kathleen F. McCoy, Patrick W. Demasco, Mark A. Jones, Christopher A. Pennington, Peter B. Vanderheyden, Wendy M. Zickus · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper presents a prototype communication tool designed to reduce the input burden for people with severe speech and motor impairments (SSMI) who use word-based augmentative communication systems. The core problem addressed is that even with word-prediction and word-based…

  augmentative and alternative communication · natural language processing · lexical semantics · text generation · motor impairment

• Interactive audio documents

  T. V. Raman, David Gries · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper describes the browsing component of AsTeR (Audio System for Technical Readings), an interactive computing system developed by T. V. Raman that audio-formats electronic documents written in LaTeX to produce navigable audio documents. The paper addresses a fundamental…

  mathematical accessibility · audio formatting · screen readers · document accessibility · blind and low vision

• The application of spatialization and spatial metaphor to augmentative and alternative communication

  Patrick Demasco, Alan F. Newell, John L. Arnott · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper presents a collaborative project between the University of Delaware and the University of Dundee investigating how spatialization and spatial metaphors from mainstream HCI research can improve interfaces for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The…

  augmentative and alternative communication · spatial interface · human-computer interaction · lexical access · information visualization

• An experimental sound-based hierarchical menu navigation system for visually handicapped use of graphical user interfaces

  Arthur I. Karshmer, P. Brawner, G. Reiswig · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper addresses the accessibility crisis created by the shift from character-based computer interfaces to graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in the early 1990s. The authors note that earlier text-based systems were well-served by assistive technologies like screen readers,…

  GUI accessibility · sonification · auditory interface · blind and low vision · menu navigation

• Using the Baby-Babble-Blanket for infants with motor problems: an empirical study

  Harriet J. Fell, Hariklia Delta, Regina Peterson, Linda J. Ferrier, Zebra Mooraj, Megan Valleau · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper presents the Baby-Babble-Blanket (BBB), a patented assistive device designed for infants with severe motor problems who are at risk of developing learned helplessness due to their inability to control their environment or communicate. The BBB consists of a…

  early intervention · motor disability · cerebral palsy · infant development · switch access

• An overview of programs and projects at the Rehabilitation Research and Development Center

  David L. Jaffe · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper provides an overview of the VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Center (RR&D), a federal laboratory at the Palo Alto VA Medical Center dedicated to developing assistive technologies for disabled veterans. With approximately fifty researchers across mechanical,…

  rehabilitation engineering · technology transfer · spinal cord injury · deafblindness · wheelchair accessibility

• EEG as a means of communication: preliminary experiments in EEG analysis using neural networks

  Charles W. Anderson, Saikumar V. Devulapalli, Erik A. Stolz · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper explores the use of electroencephalography (EEG) as a communication channel for paralyzed individuals, representing early brain-computer interface (BCI) research. The core premise is that if distinct mental states can be reliably identified through EEG pattern…

  brain-computer interface · electroencephalography · neural network · machine learning · paralysis

• Validation of a keystroke-level model for a text entry system used by people with disabilities

  Heidi H. Koester, Simon P. Levine · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper develops and validates a keystroke-level model (KLM) to predict how much word prediction software improves text generation rates compared to letter-by-letter typing for users with and without disabilities. The keystroke-level model, originally proposed by Card, Moran,…

  text entry · word prediction · keystroke-level model · spinal cord injury · usability

• Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking and Technology (DO-IT) on the electronic highway

  Sheryl Burgstahler, Dan Comden · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper describes DO-IT (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking and Technology), a National Science Foundation-funded project based at the University of Washington's College of Engineering. DO-IT was designed to recruit and retain students with disabilities into…

  STEM accessibility · STEM education · digital divide · disability employment · internet accessibility

• Providing access to graphical user interfaces — not graphical screens

  W. Keith Edwards, Elizabeth D. Mynatt, Kathryn Stockton · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper argues that screen readers for graphical user interfaces should provide access to application interfaces at the semantic level rather than merely translating graphical screen contents. The authors from Georgia Tech's GVU Center identify three levels of interface…

  GUI accessibility · screen readers · accessibility API · blind and low vision · auditory interface

• Multimedia dictionary of American Sign Language

  Sherman Wilcox, Joanne Scheibman, Doug Wood, Dennis Cokely, William C. Stokoe · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper describes the Multimedia Dictionary of American Sign Language (MM-DASL), a Macintosh application functioning as a bilingual ASL-English dictionary that presents signs in full-motion digital video using Apple's QuickTime technology. The project, funded by the National…

  sign language · deaf accessibility · multimedia · dictionary · American Sign Language

• Increasing access to information for the print disabled through electronic documents in SGML

  Bart Bauwens, Jan Engelen, Filip Evenepoel, Chris Tobin, Tom Wesley · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper describes work by the CAPS Consortium (Communication and Access to Information for People with Special Needs), an EU-funded project, and ICADD (International Committee on Accessible Document Design) to build accessibility into SGML (Standard Generalized Markup…

  document accessibility · SGML · structured documents · print disability · braille

22 results.