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• A Readability Evaluation of Real-Time Crowd Captions in the Classroom

  Raja S. Kushalnagar, Walter S. Lasecki, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2012 · Proceedings of the 14th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2012)

  This paper evaluates the readability of real-time captions produced by three different approaches in a higher education classroom setting: professional CART (Communication Access Realtime Translation) captionists, automatic speech recognition (ASR), and a novel crowd captioning…

  real-time captioning · deaf and hard of hearing · crowdsourcing · classroom accessibility · higher education

• Real-Time Captioning by Groups of Non-Experts

  Walter Lasecki, Christopher Miller, Adam Sadilek, Andrew Abumoussa, Donato Borrello, Raja Kushalnagar, Jeffrey Bigham · 2012 · UIST '12: Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology

  This paper presents Legion:Scribe, an end-to-end system that enables groups of non-expert typists to collectively produce real-time captions for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people, offering a cheaper and more available alternative to professional stenographers (CART, costing…

  real-time captioning · crowdsourcing · deaf and hard of hearing · human computation · text alignment

• Online Quality Control for Real-Time Crowd Captioning

  Walter S. Lasecki, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2012 · Proceedings of the 14th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2012)

  This paper addresses quality control in Legion:Scribe, a system that provides real-time captioning by having multiple non-expert crowd workers simultaneously type what they hear, then automatically merging their partial transcriptions into a single caption stream. Real-time…

  real-time captioning · crowdsourcing · deaf and hard of hearing · automatic speech recognition · human computation

• An Adaptive Videos Enrichment System Based on Decision Trees for People with Sensory Disabilities

  José Francisco Saray Villamizar, Benoît Encelle, Yannick Prié, Pierre-Antoine Champin · 2011 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper from the ACAV (Collaborative Annotation for Video Accessibility) project at the University of Lyon proposes an adaptive system that personalises how video accessibility descriptions are presented to users with sensory disabilities. The core insight is that predefined,…

  video accessibility · multimedia accessibility · machine learning · personalization · adaptive systems

• Crowdsourcing Correction of Speech Recognition Captioning Errors

  M. Wald · 2011 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper describes tools built around Synote, an award-winning web-based application from the University of Southampton, that enable crowdsourced correction of automatic speech recognition (ASR) captioning errors to make video content accessible at scale. The author frames the…

  captioning · speech recognition · crowdsourcing · deaf and hard of hearing · video accessibility

• Web Educational Services for All: The APEINTA Project

  Ana Iglesias, Lourdes Moreno, Belén Ruiz, José Luis Pajares, Javier Jiménez, Juan Francisco López, Pablo Revuelta, Julián Hernández · 2011 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper presents APEINTA, a Spanish educational project from Carlos III University of Madrid and the Spanish Centre of Captioning and Audio Description (CESyA), aimed at providing inclusive education through three cloud-based web services. Started in 2008, the project was…

  education accessibility · captioning · text-to-speech · deaf and hard of hearing · speech disability

• AudioWiz: Nearly Real-Time Audio Transcriptions

  Samuel White · 2010 · Proceedings of the 12th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2010)

  This student research paper presents AudioWiz, a mobile application that provides near-real-time transcriptions of both spoken words and environmental sounds for deaf and hard of hearing users. The author identifies a critical gap in existing automated transcription systems:…

  deaf and hard of hearing · audio transcription · crowdsourcing · human computation · environmental sounds

• Multiple View Perspectives: Improving Inclusiveness and Video Compression in Mainstream Classroom Recordings

  Raja S. Kushalnagar, Anna C. Cavender, Jehan-François Pâris · 2010 · Proceedings of the 12th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2010)

  This paper presents Multiple View Perspectives (MVP), a system that captures and presents multiple focused video views of a classroom for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students. DHH students in mainstream classrooms face a fundamental visual attention problem: they must…

  deaf and hard of hearing · lecture capture · video accessibility · classroom accessibility · sign language interpreting

• A Web-Based User Survey for Evaluating Power Saving Strategies for Deaf Users of MobileASL

  Jessica J. Tran, Tressa W. Johnson, Joy Kim, Rafael Rodriguez, Sheri Yin, Eve A. Riskin, Richard E. Ladner, Jacob O. Wobbrock · 2010 · Proceedings of the 12th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2010)

  This paper presents research on power-saving video compression algorithms for MobileASL, a project enabling real-time, two-way video communication on mobile phones so Deaf people can communicate in American Sign Language. Running video calls drains phone batteries rapidly — only…

  deaf and hard of hearing · sign language · American Sign Language · mobile technology · video compression

• ClassInFocus: Enabling Improved Visual Attention Strategies for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students

  Anna C. Cavender, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Richard E. Ladner · 2009 · Assets '09: Proceedings of the 11th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

  This paper presents ClassInFocus, a system designed to help deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students manage the demanding visual attention requirements of modern multi-modal classrooms. DHH students face a unique challenge: while hearing students can simultaneously listen to the…

  deaf and hard of hearing · classroom accessibility · visual attention · notifications · eye tracking

• PowerUp: An Accessible Virtual World

  Shari Trewin, Vicki L. Hanson, Mark R. Laff, Anna Cavender · 2008 · Proceedings of the 10th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '08)

  This paper describes the design and validation of accessibility features for PowerUp, an IBM-developed multiplayer 3D virtual world educational game aimed at middle school students. The researchers were tasked with making the game usable by players with visual, hearing,…

  game accessibility · virtual reality · visual impairment · blindness · cognitive accessibility

• Enhancing Accessibility through Correction of Speech Recognition Errors

  John-Mark Bell · 2007 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This paper investigates methods for automatically correcting errors in speech recognition-generated captions of university lectures, aiming to improve accessibility for hearing-impaired students. The author notes that while ASR-based captioning can make lectures accessible by…

  automatic speech recognition · captioning · deaf and hard of hearing · higher education · natural language processing

• Using Networked Multimedia to Improve Educational Access for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students

  Anna C. Cavender · 2007 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This paper proposes a networked multimedia platform to address the specific challenges deaf and hard of hearing students face in mainstream university classrooms. The author identifies three core problems. First, isolation: as more deaf students enter mainstream universities,…

  deaf and hard of hearing · higher education · sign language · captioning · remote interpreting

• Improving the Efficacy of Automated Sign Language Practice Tools

  Helene Brashear · 2007 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This paper describes dissertation research on improving automatic sign language recognition for CopyCat, an interactive computer game that helps young deaf children practice American Sign Language (ASL). The work addresses a critical need: 90% of deaf children are born to…

  sign language · sign language detection · gesture-based interaction · computer vision · machine learning

• Variable frame rate for low power mobile sign language communication

  Neva Cherniavsky, Anna C. Cavender, Richard E. Ladner, Eve A. Riskin · 2007 · Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '07)

  This paper from the University of Washington MobileASL team — Neva Cherniavsky, Anna Cavender, Richard Ladner, and Eve Riskin — addresses a then-emerging problem: enabling Deaf people in the United States to hold real-time American Sign Language conversations over the cellular…

  American Sign Language · sign language · fingerspelling · Deaf community · video phone

• Photonote evaluation: aiding students with disabilities in a lecture environment

  Gregory Hughes, Peter Robinson · 2007 · Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '07)

  Hughes and Robinson at the Cambridge Computer Laboratory present Photonote, a lecture-capture system designed specifically for students with disabilities, and a controlled user study comparing it to human note-takers. Where existing lecture-capture systems (eClass, Lecture…

  lecture capture · note-taking · educational accessibility · academic accommodation · sign language interpreter

• Visualizing Non-Speech Sounds for the Deaf

  Tara Matthews, Janette Fong, Jennifer Mankoff · 2005 · Proceedings of the 7th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '05)

  This paper investigates peripheral visual displays that help people who are deaf maintain awareness of non-speech sounds in their environment — sounds like phone ringing, doorbells, knocking, fire alarms, children playing, dogs barking, and appliances operating. While commercial…

  deaf accessibility · sound visualization · peripheral display · sound recognition · ambient display

• An Intelligent Tutoring System for Deaf Learners of Written English

  Lisa N. Michaud, Kathleen F. McCoy, Christopher A. Pennington · 2000 · Proceedings of the Fourth International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '00)

  This paper from the University of Delaware describes ICICLE (Interactive Communication and Correction of Language Errors), an intelligent tutoring system designed to improve written English literacy among deaf students who are native or near-native signers of American Sign…

  deaf literacy · intelligent tutoring system · American Sign Language · English literacy · second language acquisition

• A Phoneme Probability Display for Individuals with Hearing Disabilities

  Deb Roy, Alex Pentland · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from MIT Media Lab presents a speech-to-visual-display system designed to aid individuals with hearing impairments by converting continuous speech into an animated graphical representation of phoneme probabilities. Rather than attempting traditional speech-to-text…

  hearing accessibility · speech technology · speech visualization · neural networks · phoneme recognition

• Pattern recognition and synthesis for sign language translation system

  M. Ohki, H. Sagawa, T. Sakiyama, E. Oohira, H. Ikeda, H. Fujisawa · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper describes a bidirectional sign language translation system being developed to translate between Japanese Sign Language (JSL) and written Japanese. The system addresses both directions of translation: recognizing sign language input and converting it to Japanese text,…

  sign language recognition · sign language synthesis · Japanese Sign Language · gesture recognition · DataGlove