Glossary

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Co-Authorship(also: Co-authoring, AI Co-Authorship)

In AI-mediated writing and communication, the shared production of text between a human user and an AI system, where neither party fully owns the resulting output. Co-authorship raises questions about credit, intent, authenticity, and accountability, and these become especially…

Colorism(also: Skin Tone Bias, Shadeism)

Colorism is a form of discrimination in which people are treated differently based on the shade of their skin tone, typically favoring lighter skin over darker skin within and across racial groups. In digital accessibility, colorism is relevant to image descriptions and AI…

Computer Says No(also: Computer-Says-No)

A pattern in which an organisation invokes an algorithmic or automated decision as justification for an adverse outcome — a rejected application, a denied claim, an adjusted score — thereby deflecting responsibility from human decision-makers onto the technical system.…

Constitutional AI(also: CAI)

A training method introduced by Anthropic in 2022 in which a large language model is aligned to a written set of principles (a 'constitution') through self-critique and reinforcement learning from AI feedback, rather than relying exclusively on human preference labels. The model…

Counterfactual Explanation(also: Counterfactual XAI)

An explanation technique that communicates what minimal change to the input would have produced a different output from an AI model, for example 'if the applicant's income had been $5,000 higher, the loan would have been approved'. Counterfactual explanations are legally…

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