Glossary

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JAWS(also: Job Access With Speech)

A commercial screen reader for Windows developed by Freedom Scientific (now part of Vispero). JAWS is one of the most widely used screen readers in professional and enterprise settings, providing text-to-speech and braille output for blind and low-vision users. It supports web…

JAWS for Windows(also: JFW)

JAWS (Job Access With Speech) for Windows is a commercial screen reader from Freedom Scientific (now Vispero) that provides speech and braille output for blind and low-vision users on the Windows operating system. The JFW mailing list and user group (jfw.groups.io) is one of the…

JIS X 8341-3(also: JIS X 8341, Japanese Industrial Standard for Web Accessibility)

JIS X 8341-3 is the Japanese Industrial Standard for web content accessibility, first published in 2004 by the Japanese Standards Association. The standard was developed with attention to harmonization with WCAG 1.0 and subsequently updated to align with WCAG 2.0. JIS X 8341-3…

JSML(also: Java Speech Markup Language)

An XML-based markup language developed by Sun Microsystems that provides directives for controlling the output of speech synthesis engines. JSML allows developers to specify pronunciation details including speaking rate, volume, pitch, emphasis, pauses, gender of synthetic…

Jailbreak(also: LLM Jailbreak, AI Jailbreak)

In the context of generative AI, a class of adversarial input designed to bypass a model's safety rules, instruction-following constraints, or content policy — for example, instructions that tell the model to "ignore previous rules" or role-play as an unrestricted assistant.…

Jakob's Law(also: Jakobs Law, Law of Familiarity)

A usability heuristic coined by Jakob Nielsen stating that users spend most of their time on other sites and expect your site to work like the ones they already know. Accessibility implication: novel interaction patterns impose higher cognitive load than familiar ones, so…

Japanese Sign Language(also: JSL, Nihon Shuwa)

The primary sign language used by the Deaf community in Japan. Japanese Sign Language (JSL) is a distinct natural language with its own grammar, vocabulary, and syntax that differs significantly from spoken Japanese. JSL uses spatial relationships rather than particles to…

Jenga Format

Jenga format is a content transformation technique designed to enhance web page readability for non-native English readers. Developed by Chen-Hsiang Yu and Robert C. Miller at MIT, it restructures text presentation by visually grouping syntactic units within sentences, making…

Jitter and Shimmer(also: Voice perturbation measures, Cycle-to-cycle variability)

Acoustic measures of voice quality that capture short-term irregularity in the vocal fold vibration. Jitter is the cycle-to-cycle variability in pitch (fundamental frequency), while shimmer is the cycle-to-cycle variability in amplitude. Elevated jitter and shimmer are…

Job Accommodation Network(also: JAN)

A free service funded by the U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Disability Employment Policy that provides guidance on workplace accommodations and disability employment issues. JAN offers one-on-one consultation to employers, employees, and service providers on practical…

Job Coach(also: Employment Specialist, Vocational Coach, Work Coach)

A professional who provides on-site support and training to help people with disabilities succeed in competitive employment settings. Job coaches assist with learning job tasks, developing workplace social skills, understanding employer expectations, and problem-solving…

Job Coaching(also: Employment Coaching, Workplace Coaching)

Individualized, on-site or remote support provided to workers with disabilities to help them learn job tasks, develop workplace skills, navigate social interactions, and maintain employment. Job coaches may provide direct training, model tasks, facilitate communication with…

Joint Attention(also: Shared Attention)

The shared focus of two or more individuals on the same object or event, typically involving one person directing another's attention through gaze, gesture, or verbal cues. Joint attention is a foundational social-cognitive skill that develops in early childhood and is often…

Joint Awareness

Joint awareness is a shared understanding between two or more people about a condition, situation, or state - for example, a child's sensory triggers known to both the child and their parent, or a chronic illness state visible to a patient and their caregiver. It contrasts with…

Joint Bilingual Navigation(also: Bilingual Form Navigation, Dual-Language Navigation)

An interface design approach that allows users to interact with digital content simultaneously in two languages through different modalities. In the context of Deaf accessibility, joint bilingual navigation enables a form or document to be navigated either through sign language…

Joint Hypermobility(also: Hypermobility, Double-Jointed)

A condition in which joints move beyond their normal range of motion, often associated with connective tissue disorders like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Joint hypermobility can cause chronic pain, frequent dislocations, and difficulty with tasks requiring grip strength or sustained…

Joint attention(also: Shared attention)

The shared focus of two or more individuals on the same object or event, typically established through gaze, pointing, or other communicative cues. Joint attention is a foundational social-cognitive skill that develops in early childhood and is often impaired in individuals with…

Journaling(also: Diary Writing, Reflective Writing)

The regular practice of recording personal thoughts, feelings, and experiences in written, spoken, visual, or musical form. Journaling has documented benefits for mental health, emotion regulation, self-insight, and identity construction, and is widely used in therapy,…

Journey Mapping(also: Journey Map)

A qualitative research and design method in which participants describe a trip, task, or experience step-by-step across sequential phases (e.g., pre-trip, in-trip, post-trip), identifying the tools they used, the cues they relied on, the decisions they made, and the points where…

Joystick(also: Adaptive Joystick)

A joystick is an input device with a lever that tilts in multiple directions to control cursor movement on screen, used as an alternative pointing device by people with motor impairments who have difficulty using a standard mouse. Adaptive joysticks come in various forms — some…

Joystick Locomotion(also: Continuous Locomotion, Thumbstick Locomotion)

A VR locomotion method where users tilt a joystick or thumbstick on a controller to move continuously through the virtual environment while remaining physically stationary. This method is accessible for users who cannot physically walk but have sufficient hand motor control to…

Just-Noticeable Difference(also: JND, Difference Threshold, Differential Threshold)

The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli that a person can perceive. In accessibility contexts, JND is commonly applied to color, contrast, and audio levels—determining the minimum change needed for users to distinguish between two values. For color vision, JND…

Just-in-Time Intervention(also: JITI, Just-in-Time Adaptive Intervention, JITAI)

A technology-delivered intervention that provides the right type and amount of support at the right time, adapting to the user's current context, mental state, and needs. Unlike scheduled therapy sessions, just-in-time interventions use sensing technologies (smartphones,…

Just-in-Time Programming(also: JIT Programming, Real-Time AAC Configuration)

A method of configuring AAC devices in real time by capturing an image of a current activity, social interaction, or object and immediately creating a visual scene display with relevant communication options. Just-in-time programming enables communication partners to take…

Just-in-Time Prompting(also: Trigger-Based Prompting, On-Demand Visual Check)

A prompting technique for voice and video-capable AI models where the user pre-configures the AI with a role and task description, then uses a trigger phrase (such as "check now") to initiate an on-demand visual analysis of the current camera view. Developed as a workaround for…

Just-in-Time Support(also: JIT Support, Just-in-Time Programming, JIT Vocabulary)

In augmentative and alternative communication, the programming and availability of language concepts at the moment they are needed, rather than requiring pre-planning. Just-in-time support can be mentor-generated (e.g., a conversation partner quickly creating a hotspot on a…

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