Glossary

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CLIP(also: Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training)

A vision-language model developed by OpenAI that learns to associate images with natural language descriptions through contrastive learning on large-scale image-text pairs. CLIP can compute similarity scores between images and text, enabling zero-shot classification and…

Camera Framing(also: Photo Framing, Object Framing)

The act of positioning a camera so that the intended subject is properly captured within the image frame — not cropped, not too small, and centered enough for clear identification. Camera framing presents a significant accessibility challenge for blind and low-vision users who…

Camera Mouse(also: Head-Controlled Mouse Pointer, Head Tracking Mouse)

A computer-vision-based mouse-replacement system that tracks a user's head motion through a standard webcam to control the mouse pointer on screen. Developed at Boston University by Margrit Betke and James Gips, Camera Mouse is freely available and enables people with severe…

Cascading classifier(also: Cascaded detection, Multi-stage classifier)

A machine learning architecture that chains multiple detection stages in sequence, where each stage filters candidates before passing them to the next, progressively increasing detection precision while maintaining recall. In accessibility applications, cascading classifiers are…

Cognitive Assistance(also: Cognitive Aid, AI-Powered Assistance, Assisted Cognition)

Technology that uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to supplement or expand human cognitive and perceptual abilities. In accessibility contexts, cognitive assistance systems recognise people, objects, text, and environments and convey that information through…

Collision Prediction(also: Collision risk prediction, Trajectory prediction)

The task of estimating the future trajectories of surrounding pedestrians and obstacles and determining whether any of them will intersect with a user's own future position within a short prediction horizon (typically 2–4 seconds). In assistive technology for blind travellers,…

Color Histogram(also: Colour histogram, Histogram tracking)

A statistical summary of the distribution of colour values across the pixels of an image or image region, often computed in a perceptual colour space such as Lab. In assistive computer-vision systems for blind users, colour histograms are used to re-identify and track a specific…

Continuous Sign Language Recognition(also: CSLR)

A computer vision task that involves recognizing sign language from continuous, naturally produced signing — as opposed to isolated sign recognition, which identifies individual signs in segmented clips. Continuous sign language recognition deals with the complexities of natural…

Convolutional Neural Network(also: CNN, ConvNet)

A class of deep neural network that uses convolutional filters to automatically extract spatial features from data, originally designed for image processing but now widely applied to sensor data, audio, and video analysis. CNNs identify patterns like edges, textures, and shapes…

Crosswalk detection(also: Pedestrian crossing detection, Zebra crossing detection)

The automated identification and localization of marked pedestrian crossings in imagery using computer vision techniques. Crosswalk detection can be performed on satellite images, street-level photographs, or real-time camera feeds to populate navigation databases for blind…

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