Glossary

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Conformance Testing(also: Compliance Testing, Guideline Review)

An accessibility evaluation method that checks whether a website or digital product meets the requirements specified by accessibility guidelines or standards such as WCAG. Conformance testing can be performed manually by human evaluators or through automated testing tools that…

Cooperative Evaluation(also: Cooperative Usability Evaluation, Modified Think-Aloud)

A usability evaluation method in which the researcher and participant work together as collaborators rather than following a strict observer-subject protocol. Unlike standard controlled experiments, cooperative evaluation allows participants to think aloud, ask questions, and…

Correctness(also: Precision, Validity)

In the context of accessibility evaluation, correctness (also called precision) is the proportion of reported accessibility problems that are true problems — that is, issues that genuinely affect users with disabilities rather than false positives. A high correctness rate means…

Counterfactual Explanation(also: Counterfactual XAI)

An explanation technique that communicates what minimal change to the input would have produced a different output from an AI model, for example 'if the applicant's income had been $5,000 higher, the loan would have been approved'. Counterfactual explanations are legally…

Criterion Validity

A psychometric property indicating whether an instrument's scores relate to some external measurable criterion. In practice, this is assessed by comparing the instrument's results with scores from another established measurement tool administered concurrently. For example, when…

Critical Incident Questionnaire(also: CIQ)

A short, open-ended reflective tool developed by Stephen Brookfield for teaching and learning contexts, typically consisting of five questions asking participants to recall moments from a recent experience that were most engaging, surprising, confusing, distancing, or affirming.…

Cursor Deviation(also: Cursor Drift, Path Deviation)

The difference between the actual path taken by a cursor and the ideal straight-line path between the starting point and the target. Cursor deviation is a key performance metric in evaluating alternative input devices such as head controls, eye trackers, and adapted mice. Higher…

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