Glossary
Terms used in accessibility research and practice. Each entry has a definition, common aliases, and category tags.
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- Electrical Muscle Stimulation(also: EMS, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation, NMES)
- A technique that uses electrical impulses delivered through surface electrodes to elicit muscle contractions. EMS is used therapeutically for muscle re-education, spasticity management, and rehabilitation, and has been explored in HCI as an output modality — for example, guiding…
- Electrotactile(also: Electrotactile Stimulation, Electrical Tactile Stimulation)
- A form of tactile feedback that applies controlled electrical current to stimulate touch nerve endings in the skin, creating sensations of pressure, tingling, or texture. Electrotactile displays can achieve higher spatial resolution than vibrotactile systems because electrodes…
- Electrotactile Feedback(also: Electrotactile, Electrical Tactile Stimulation)
- A form of haptic feedback that uses controlled electrical current applied directly to the skin or through a thin insulating layer to generate tactile sensations. Unlike vibrotactile feedback (which uses mechanical vibration) or pressure feedback (which uses physical force),…
- End Effector(also: Haptic Stylus, Haptic Pen)
- The physical component of a haptic device that the user directly touches or manipulates to interact with a virtual environment. In assistive technology contexts, end effectors translate digital information into tactile sensations — the device applies forces, vibrations, or…
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