Glossary

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Calibrated Trust(also: Appropriate Reliance, Trust Calibration)

An HCI and human-factors concept, articulated by Lee and See, describing the alignment between a user's trust in an automated or AI system and the system's actual capability in a given context: trusting the system when it is reliable and being skeptical when it is not. Designing…

Co-Authorship(also: Co-authoring, AI Co-Authorship)

In AI-mediated writing and communication, the shared production of text between a human user and an AI system, where neither party fully owns the resulting output. Co-authorship raises questions about credit, intent, authenticity, and accountability, and these become especially…

Co-Creative(also: Co-Creativity, Co-Creative AI)

A framing of human-AI collaboration in which the AI acts as a creative partner rather than a tool or a replacement — contributing ideas, drafts, or alternatives that the human writer, artist, or designer evaluates, accepts, rejects, or revises. Co-creative systems typically…

Cognitive Forcing Function(also: Cognitive Forcing)

A design technique that deliberately disrupts automatic cognitive processing to prompt users to engage in more deliberate, analytical thinking. In human-AI interaction, cognitive forcing functions are used to reduce over-reliance on AI outputs — for example, by asking users to…

Copilot (Shared Control)(also: Gaming Copilot, Assistive Copilot)

In shared-control video gaming, the copilot is the secondary actor who supports the pilot (the primary player, typically a person with a disability) by taking over game actions the pilot cannot perform. A copilot can be a human partner — often a family member, friend, or trained…

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