Glossary

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Big Five Personality Traits(also: Big Five, Five-Factor Model, OCEAN Model)

A widely used psychological model that describes human personality along five trait dimensions: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Originally developed in personality psychology, it has been adopted in human-robot interaction…

Bimanual Exploration(also: Two-handed exploration, Bimanual tactile exploration)

The use of both hands in coordinated roles to perceive an object or space by touch. In blind and low-vision users, bimanual exploration is typically asymmetric: one hand (often the non-dominant) serves as a spatial anchor holding a frame of reference while the other hand (often…

Bimodal Feedback(also: Dual-Modality Feedback)

A form of interface feedback that communicates information to the user through two simultaneous sensory channels, such as auditory and haptic, visual and haptic, or auditory and visual. Bimodal feedback is significant for accessibility because it provides redundancy — if a user…

Binaural audio(also: Binaural sound, Binaural recording, 3D audio)

An audio reproduction method that uses two channels to create a three-dimensional sound experience when listened to through headphones. Binaural recordings capture or simulate the way human ears naturally perceive sound, using differences in timing, level, and frequency between…

Bio-Signal(also: Biosignal, Biological Signal)

Any measurable electrical, chemical, or mechanical signal produced by the human body that can be detected by sensors and used as input for computer systems. In assistive technology, bio-signals are used to create alternative input methods for people with severe motor impairments…

Biosignal Interface(also: Physiological Interface, Biometric Input)

An input interface that detects and interprets biological signals from the human body — such as muscle contractions (EMG), brain electrical activity (EEG), eye movements (EOG), or galvanic skin response — to generate computer commands. Biosignal interfaces are particularly…

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