Glossary

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AI contestability(also: Algorithmic contestability, AI contestation)

The principle that users should be able to challenge, question, and seek recourse against decisions or outputs made by AI systems. In accessibility contexts, contestability is particularly important for blind users who rely on AI for visual access — they need mechanisms to flag…

Acoustic Activity Recognition(also: Sound Activity Recognition, Audio Activity Recognition, Environmental Sound Recognition)

The use of microphones and machine learning to automatically identify and classify sounds occurring in an environment, such as doorbells, alarms, appliances, speech, and other everyday acoustic events. Acoustic activity recognition is particularly relevant to accessibility for…

Acoustic Event Detection(also: Sound Event Detection, Audio Event Detection, Sound Event Classification)

The automated process of identifying and classifying specific sounds within an audio stream, such as recognizing a phone ringing, door knocking, fire alarm, or speech from continuous environmental audio. Acoustic event detection systems use machine learning trained on labeled…

Acoustic Model(also: AM)

An acoustic model is the component of an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system that maps short segments of audio (typically 10–25 ms frames of spectral features) to the linguistic units that produced them — most commonly phonemes or sub-phonetic states. Classical acoustic…

Adaptive Boosting(also: AdaBoost)

A machine learning ensemble method that combines multiple weak classifiers to create a strong classifier, with each successive classifier focusing on the examples that previous classifiers misclassified. In computer vision and accessibility applications, AdaBoost is widely used…

App Review Mining(also: App Store Review Analysis, User Review Mining)

The process of systematically extracting, classifying, and analyzing user reviews from app stores such as Google Play and the Apple App Store to identify patterns, issues, and feature requests. In accessibility research, app review mining is used to discover real-world…

Attention Mechanism(also: Attention)

A technique in neural networks that allows models to focus on relevant parts of the input when generating each part of the output, rather than relying solely on a fixed-length context vector. In sequence-to-sequence models, attention computes a weighted combination of all…

Automated speech scoring(also: Computer-aided speech assessment, Automatic speech evaluation)

The use of computational techniques — including voice activity detection, phoneme recognition, prosody analysis, and speaker diarization — to automatically evaluate the accuracy and quality of speech production without requiring real-time human assessment. In speech therapy…

Automatic Sign Language Processing(also: ASLP, Sign Language Processing)

An umbrella term encompassing three major areas of technology for sign language: automatic sign language generation (ASLG, creating sign language output from text or speech), automatic sign language recognition (ASLR, interpreting sign language input), and automatic sign…

Automatic text simplification(also: ATS, Text simplification, Automated readability improvement)

The use of natural language processing techniques to transform complex text into simpler, more readable versions while preserving meaning. ATS operates at two levels: lexical simplification (replacing difficult words with simpler synonyms) and syntactic simplification…

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