Glossary

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BLEU Score(also: BiLingual Evaluation Understudy, BLEU)

A metric for evaluating the quality of machine-generated text by comparing it to one or more reference (human-written) translations. BLEU calculates precision by counting how many n-grams (sequences of words) in the predicted text match n-grams in the reference text, with BLEU-1…

Background Subtraction(also: Foreground-Background Separation, Background Modelling)

Background subtraction is a computer vision technique used to identify moving objects (the foreground) in a video by comparing each frame against a model of the static background. Common approaches include adaptive Gaussian mixture models that continuously update the background…

Bayesian Network(also: Bayes Network, Belief Network, Probabilistic Graphical Model)

A statistical model that represents probabilistic relationships among variables using a directed graph structure. In accessibility and assistive technology applications, Bayesian networks are used for behavior recognition—inferring what action a user is performing based on…

Binary Classification(also: Two-Class Classification)

A type of supervised machine learning task where the goal is to categorize items into one of exactly two classes. In accessibility research, binary classification has been applied to automatically determine whether a bug report is accessibility-related or not, whether user…

Black Box Model(also: Opaque Model)

A machine-learning model whose internal workings are not directly inspectable or interpretable by a human, either because the model is architecturally complex (deep neural networks, large language models) or because it is proprietary and the developer does not disclose its…

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