Glossary

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Language Model(also: Statistical Language Model, LM)

A computational model that assigns probabilities to sequences of words, enabling prediction of likely next words or sentences in text. In assistive technology, language models power word and sentence prediction systems by learning patterns from training corpora. Modern AAC…

Language Understanding Intelligent Service(also: LUIS, Azure LUIS)

A cloud-based Microsoft Azure service that applies machine learning to natural language text to predict meaning and extract relevant information. LUIS identifies user intents (what they want to do) and entities (key information in their utterance). In accessibility applications,…

Latent Semantic Analysis(also: LSA, Latent Semantic Indexing, LSI)

A natural language processing technique that uses mathematical methods (Singular Value Decomposition) to identify patterns in relationships between words and concepts within a large corpus of text. In accessibility applications, LSA enables context-aware word prediction by…

Levenshtein Distance(also: Edit Distance)

A metric that measures the minimum number of single-character edits (insertions, deletions, and substitutions) needed to transform one string into another. In accessibility research, Levenshtein distance is used to quantify how much users modify AI-generated or existing text,…

Lexical Chain(also: Lexical Chaining, Lexical Cohesion)

A sequence of semantically related words running through a text — for example, "doctor", "hospital", "nurse", "patient" — connected by relations like synonymy, hypernymy, or hyponymy. Lexical chains capture the topical coherence of a document and are used in readability…

Lexical Elaboration(also: Vocabulary Elaboration)

A text adaptation technique that makes content more accessible by adding explanatory information for complex or unfamiliar words, rather than replacing or removing them. Unlike text simplification, which rewrites content using simpler language, lexical elaboration preserves the…

Lexical Semantics

The branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning of words and the relationships between word meanings, including synonymy, antonymy, and the semantic roles words can fill in sentences. In assistive technology, lexical semantic knowledge is used in AAC systems and text…

Lexical Simplification(also: Word-Level Simplification)

A form of text simplification that focuses on replacing complex, uncommon, or technical words with simpler, more familiar alternatives. Lexical simplification is particularly relevant for readers with limited vocabulary, including people who are deaf or hard of hearing (for whom…

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