Glossary

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Paresis(also: Partial Paralysis)

A partial loss of voluntary muscle movement, distinguished from full paralysis (plegia). Paresis can affect a single limb (monoparesis), one side of the body (hemiparesis), or all four limbs (tetraparesis), and may result from stroke, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, or…

Peripheral Neuropathy(also: Neuropathy)

Peripheral neuropathy is a condition resulting from damage to the peripheral nerves, which carry signals between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body. Symptoms typically include numbness, tingling, weakness, and pain, most commonly in the hands and feet. For…

Perseveration(also: Perseverative Behavior)

The uncontrolled repetition of a response, word, phrase, or action that persists beyond the appropriate context. In people with cognitive impairments such as dementia, brain injury, or certain developmental disabilities, perseveration can manifest as repeatedly pressing the same…

Photophobia(also: Light Sensitivity)

A genuine physiological sensitivity to bright light, flickering light, or intense visual patterns that causes symptoms such as headaches, migraines, nausea, dizziness, and disorientation. Despite its name suggesting a psychological fear, photophobia involves real neurological…

Photosensitivity(also: Photosensitive Epilepsy, PSE)

A neurological condition in which exposure to flickering light patterns, flashing graphics, or rapid luminance changes triggers physiological responses including seizures, migraines, nausea, dizziness, and disorientation. Photosensitive epilepsy, the most dangerous form, affects…

Primary Lateral Sclerosis(also: PLS)

A rare progressive neurological disease affecting the upper motor neurons, causing weakness and stiffness in the voluntary muscles, particularly in the legs, arms, and tongue. Unlike amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), PLS progresses more slowly and primarily affects upper…

Prospective Memory

The ability to remember to carry out intended actions in the future, such as taking medication at a specific time, attending an appointment, or completing a task when a particular cue arises. Prospective memory is distinct from retrospective memory (remembering past events) and…

Pseudobulbar Affect(also: PBA, Emotional Incontinence, Involuntary Emotional Expression Disorder)

A neurological condition characterized by episodes of involuntary, exaggerated, or inappropriate emotional expression — such as uncontrollable laughing or crying — that may not match the person's actual emotional state. Pseudobulbar affect occurs after damage to the neural…

Pusher Syndrome(also: Contraversive Pushing, Lateropulsion)

A clinical disorder occurring in some stroke survivors in which the patient actively pushes their body weight away from the non-paralyzed (non-hemiparetic) side, leading to a severe loss of postural balance. Typically caused by damage to the left or right brain, pusher syndrome…

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