Glossary

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Audio Interface(also: Auditory interface, Sound-based interface)

An interface that conveys information through sound — including speech (text-to-speech), earcons, beeps, spatialised audio, and sonification of data streams. Audio interfaces dominate mainstream accessibility technology for blind users (screen readers, navigation apps such as…

Clock Position(also: Clock face position, Clock orientation)

A method of conveying direction to a person who is blind by mapping the 12-hour clock face onto the user's immediate surroundings, where 12 o'clock is directly ahead, 3 o'clock is to the right, 6 o'clock is behind, and 9 o'clock is to the left. Clock-position directions (e.g.,…

Perceived Urgency(also: Alert urgency, Urgency perception)

The subjective sense of immediacy or threat conveyed by an alert, shaped by parameters such as pulse rate, inter-pulse interval, pitch, loudness, and — for tactile signals — vibration intensity and pattern duration. Research on aircraft alarms, hospital alarms, and driver…

Shape-changing Interface(also: Shape-changing haptic interface, Morphing interface)

A physical interface that conveys information by changing its own shape or physical orientation — for example, a servo-driven lever that rotates to point in a specific direction, a cube whose top half turns to indicate a heading, or a surface that deforms under the user's hand.…

Tactile Interface(also: Haptic interface, Touch-based interface)

An input/output interface that conveys information through the sense of touch — using vibration, pressure, skin stretch, temperature, or physical shape change. In navigation for blind people, tactile interfaces are often preferred to audio because they do not block the ambient…

Vibration Feedback(also: Haptic vibration, Vibrotactile feedback)

The use of controlled vibration patterns — varying in duration, interval, intensity, and spatial location — to convey information to a user through the sense of touch. In assistive technology for blind people, vibration feedback has two advantages over audio feedback: it does…

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