Glossary

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Landmark(also: Navigation Landmark, Environmental Landmark)

A distinctive environmental feature used as a reference point during navigation and wayfinding. In Orientation and Mobility training for people with visual impairments, landmarks are categorized by the sense used to detect them: structural landmarks (doors, stairs, elevators)…

Landmark Knowledge

A type of spatial knowledge involving the recognition and memory of distinctive features or objects in an environment that serve as reference points for navigation. Landmarks are fixed objects at specific locations—such as a doorway, a change in floor material, or a particular…

Landmark Object(also: Navigation landmark, Target object)

A specific physical object that serves as the terminal target of a navigation task — for example, an empty chair in a waiting area, a push-button at an elevator, a ticket barrier, a door handle, or a counter at a shop. For blind travellers, landmark objects are the object of…

Last-Few-Meters Problem(also: Last 10 Meters Problem, Last Mile Problem (Navigation))

The navigation challenge that occurs when GPS or other positioning systems bring a person with a visual impairment to the general vicinity of their destination (typically within 5-10 meters) but cannot guide them to the precise location, such as a specific entrance, storefront,…

Last-few-meters Wayfinding(also: Last-meter wayfinding, Last-few-meters problem)

The final segment of an indoor or outdoor journey, from the nearest routable point (a building lobby, a doorway, a kerbside pin on a map) to the exact end destination (a specific room, counter, or seat). For blind travellers, this last segment is disproportionately difficult:…

Laterality(also: Left-Right Discrimination, Lateral Awareness)

Laterality is the ability to distinguish between left and right sides of the body and to apply this understanding to the surrounding environment for spatial orientation and navigation. Laterality is a fundamental spatial cognition skill that underpins many daily activities, from…

Local Navigation(also: Local guidance, Fine-grained navigation)

Navigation at the scale of a few metres, where the task is to bring a blind traveller into direct body-scale interaction with a specific landmark object — sitting in a particular chair, pressing an elevator button, reaching a door handle, boarding through a specific train door.…

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