Glossary

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Be My Eyes

A mobile application that connects blind and low-vision users with sighted volunteers or AI-powered visual assistance for help with visual tasks. Originally launched in 2015 as a crowdsourced human-to-human video call service, Be My Eyes has since integrated AI features ("Be My…

Blind(also: Blindness)

A visual impairment severe enough that a person cannot use vision as their primary means of perceiving information, typically defined legally in the United States as best-corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye, or a visual field of 20 degrees or less.…

Blind-Perspective Training(also: Non-Visual Training, Blindfold Training)

An educational and vocational training approach where all learners, regardless of their level of functional vision, are taught skills using non-visual techniques such as touch, hearing, and proprioception. In this model, sighted trainees may be encouraged to wear a blindfold to…

Blindness(also: Blind, Total Blindness, Complete Vision Loss)

A condition characterised by the complete or near-complete absence of functional vision, ranging from no light perception to minimal light awareness that cannot be used for practical tasks. Blind individuals typically rely on non-visual senses and assistive technologies such as…

Blindness and Low Vision(also: BLV, visual impairment, vision impairment)

Blindness and low vision (BLV) collectively describes the spectrum of significant visual impairment ranging from complete absence of sight to partial sight loss that cannot be fully corrected with standard glasses or contact lenses. The World Health Organization defines low…

Blocks-Based Programming(also: Block Programming, Visual Block Programming, BBPE)

A programming paradigm designed to introduce coding concepts to beginners — particularly children — by representing code as visual, interlocking blocks that are dragged and dropped to construct programs, rather than requiring typed syntax. Popular environments include Scratch,…

Braille Contractions(also: Braille Short Forms, Braille Abbreviations)

Abbreviated representations in Grade 2 braille where a single braille cell or short sequence of cells stands for a common word, letter combination, or word fragment. For example, a single cell can represent the word "the" or the letter group "ing." Contractions follow…

Braille Literacy(also: Braille Reading and Writing)

The ability to read and write using the braille system, a tactile code of raised dots representing letters, numbers, and symbols. Braille literacy is fundamental to educational achievement, employment, and independence for people who are blind or have low vision. It encompasses…

Braille Mathematics(also: Math Braille, Braille Math Notation)

The various systems of Braille codes designed specifically to represent mathematical expressions, formulas, and notation in a tactile format readable by blind individuals. Because standard literary Braille does not have enough symbols to represent the full range of mathematical…

Braille Translation Software(also: Braille Transcription Software, Braille Converter)

Software that converts print text into braille or braille into print, applying the appropriate contraction rules, formatting conventions, and code systems (such as UEB or Nemeth). Braille translation software is essential for producing accessible materials but can be…

Braille literacy(also: Braille fluency)

The ability to read and write using the Braille tactile writing system of raised dots. Braille literacy rates among blind people have declined significantly — from over 50% in the 1960s to under 10% in some countries — due to factors including mainstreaming in education, reduced…

Bus stop accessibility(also: Accessible bus stops, Bus stop landmarks)

The design, infrastructure, and information features that make bus stops findable, identifiable, and usable by people with disabilities. For blind and low-vision riders, bus stop accessibility depends heavily on the presence of detectable physical landmarks such as shelters,…

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