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• AXECC: Benchmarking the Privacy and Accessibility Impact of Browser Extensions

  James Clarke, Maryam Mehrnezhad, Ehsan Toreini · 2026 · ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security

  This paper presents AXECC, a novel automated framework for jointly measuring the web-tracking behaviour and accessibility impact of browser extensions at scale. The authors argue that while browser extensions are widely installed to improve the browsing experience, including by…

  browser extensions · web tracking · privacy · accessibility testing · automated testing

• Accessibility Guidelines and Standards: Analyzing Stack Overflow Posts

  Asmaa Mansour Alghamdi, Wajdi Aljedaani, Marcelo M. Eler, Stephanie Ludi · 2024 · Proceedings of the 21st International Web for All Conference (W4A '24)

  This study analyses 5,092 Stack Overflow posts related to web accessibility (from an initial dataset of 8,538 posts tagged with "accessibility" or "WCAG" between 2008 and 2022) to understand the practical challenges developers face when implementing accessibility guidelines.…

  WCAG · web development · developer experience · accessibility testing · screen readers

• A Universal Web Accessibility Feedback Form: A Participatory Design Study

  Adrian Wegener, Kathrin Fausel, Saskia Haug, Alexander Maedche · 2024 · Proceedings of the 21st International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper addresses a gap in web accessibility practice: while automated testing tools can catch structural violations, they cannot reliably assess the quality of alternative text, the usability of dynamic content, or many other issues that only human users can identify. The EU…

  web accessibility · participatory design · visual impairments · feedback mechanisms · user-centered design

• Measuring the Accuracy of Automatic Speech Recognition Solutions

  Korbinian Kuhn, Verena Kersken, Benedikt Reuter, Niklas Egger, Gottfried Zimmermann · 2024 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This study provides independent, comprehensive benchmarking of 11 common automatic speech recognition (ASR) services to assess their real-world accuracy for accessibility purposes. The research addresses a critical gap: while vendors claim "state-of-the-art accuracy" and…

  automatic speech recognition · ASR · captions · deaf and hard of hearing · transcription

• Towards Automated Accessibility Report Generation for Mobile Apps

  Amanda Swearngin, Jason Wu, Xiaoyi Zhang, Esteban Gomez, Jen Coughenour, Rachel Stukenborg, Bhavya Garg, Greg Hughes, Adriana Hilliard, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Jeffrey Nichols · 2024 · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction

  This paper presents a system for automatically generating whole-app accessibility reports for mobile apps, addressing key limitations of existing accessibility scanning tools. The work begins with formative interviews with eight accessibility QA professionals at a large…

  automated testing · accessibility testing · mobile accessibility · app crawling · machine learning

• Accessibility Metatesting: Comparing Nine Testing Tools

  Jonathan Robert Pool · 2023 · Proceedings of the 20th International Web for All Conference (W4A '23)

  This short paper presents a systematic empirical comparison of nine automated web accessibility testing tools that are amenable to integration into multi-tool testing regimes (free or nearly free, controllable via APIs or NPM packages, and comprehensive in scope). The nine tools…

  automated accessibility testing · web accessibility · accessibility testing · accessibility evaluation · WCAG compliance

• Accessible Communication and Materials in Higher Education

  Kelly Mack · 2022 · Proceedings of the 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '22)

  This doctoral consortium paper from a researcher at the University of Washington proposes a dissertation addressing two core areas of inaccessibility in higher education: inaccessible course materials (particularly slideshow presentations) and the breakdown of communication…

  higher education · accommodations · document accessibility · slideshows · automated repair

• Toward a User Experience Tool Selector for Voice User Interfaces

  Andreas M. Klein · 2021 · Proceedings of the 18th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This doctoral consortium paper proposes the development of a UX tool selector for voice user interfaces (VUIs), presented as a web application that recommends appropriate measurement tools for evaluating VUI quality. Voice assistants such as Alexa, Google Assistant, and Siri…

  voice user interfaces · user experience · evaluation methods · voice assistants · conversational user interfaces

• Implementing an Accessible Conversational User Interface: Applying Feedback from University Students and Disability Support Advisors

  Francisco Iniesto, Tim Coughlan, Kate Lister · 2021 · Proceedings of the 18th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper presents results from a beta trial of the ADMINS (Assistants for the Disclosure and Management of Information about Needs and Support) virtual assistant, developed at The Open University (UK) to help students disclose disabilities and receive guidance about available…

  conversational user interfaces · disability disclosure · higher education · participatory design · chatbots

• Intelligent Approaches in the Software Development Process: A Systematic Literature Mapping

  Luciano Arruda Teran, Alan Trindade de Almeida Silva, Giselle Lorrane Nobre Melo, Marcelle Pereira Mota · 2021 · Proceedings of the X Latin American Conference on Human Computer Interaction (CLIHC)

  This short paper from the Federal University of Pará in Brazil presents a systematic literature mapping (SLM) investigating how intelligent approaches — methods and tools using artificial intelligence concepts — are used to assess and validate accessibility requirements during…

  software engineering · accessibility testing · artificial intelligence · automated testing · systematic review

• Accessibility Information Needs in the Enterprise

  Sharon Snider, Willie L. Scott II, Shari Trewin · 2020 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)

  This paper from IBM presents the first empirical analysis of accessibility information needs within a large multinational enterprise, analyzing 439 unique accessibility questions and 362 unique keywords gathered over two years from FAQs, support channels, a chatbot, a glossary,…

  enterprise accessibility · ontology · knowledge management · accessibility conformance · chatbot

• Comparing Accessibility Evaluation Plug-ins

  Tânia Frazão, Carlos Duarte · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper from the University of Lisbon systematically compares eight free Chrome browser extensions for automated accessibility evaluation: Microsoft Accessibility Insights, ACCESS Assistant Community, ARC Toolkit, aXe Chrome Plugin, Lighthouse, Tenon Check, TotalValidator,…

  automated testing · accessibility testing · WCAG · web accessibility · evaluation tools

• Still Not Readable? An Interactive Tool for Recommending Color Pairs with Sufficient Contrast based on Existing Visual Designs

  Fredrik Hansen, Josef Jan Krivan, Frode Eika Sandnes · 2019 · Proceedings of the 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2019)

  This demonstration paper presents a web-based color contrast tool that goes beyond the pass/fail validation of existing contrast checkers by actively recommending how to fix insufficient color contrast while preserving the designer's original visual intent. The authors observe…

  color contrast · low vision · web design · design tools · readability

• A4U - An Approach to Evaluation Considering Accessibility and Usability Guidelines

  Leandro Agostini do Amaral, Renata Pontin de Mattos Fortes, Thiago Jabur Bittar · 2018 · Proceedings of the 24th Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (WebMedia 2018)

  This short paper presents A4U (Ambiente de Analise de Avaliacoes de Acessibilidade e Usabilidade), a web-based environment that integrates accessibility and usability evaluation into a single workflow. The authors argue that the relationship between usability and accessibility…

  accessibility testing · usability testing · integrated evaluation · WCAG · HHS guidelines

• Epidemiology as a Framework for Large-Scale Mobile Application Accessibility Assessment

  Anne Spencer Ross, Xiaoyi Zhang, James Fogarty, Jacob O. Wobbrock · 2017 · Proceedings of the 19th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS)

  This paper introduces a novel conceptual framework for understanding mobile app accessibility by drawing an extended metaphor from epidemiology — the study of disease patterns, causes, and effects in populations. The core insight is that app accessibility is typically considered…

  mobile accessibility · accessibility testing · automated testing · Android · accessibility frameworks

• ACE: A Colour Palette Design Tool for Balancing Aesthetics and Accessibility

  Garreth W. Tigwell, David R. Flatla, Neil D. Archibald · 2017 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This paper presents ACE (Accessible Colour Evaluator), an online tool designed to help web developers and designers balance aesthetic preferences with accessibility requirements when choosing website color palettes. The research addresses a significant gap: existing color…

  color accessibility · colour vision deficiency · color blindness · web design · design tools

• Measuring and comparing the reliability of the structured walkthrough evaluation method with novices and experts

  Christopher Bailey, Elaine Pearson, Voula Gkatzidou · 2014 · Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper investigates the reliability of the Structured Walkthrough evaluation method — a systematic approach to manual accessibility evaluation embedded in the Accessibility Evaluation Assistant (AEA) tool. The AEA contains 48 accessibility heuristics organised into five…

  accessibility testing · web accessibility evaluation · WCAG compliance · evaluator effect · accessibility education

• An analysis of personalized web accessibility

  Nádia Fernandes, Nikolaos Kaklanis, Konstantinos Votis, Dimitrios Tzovaras, Luís Carriço · 2014 · Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper presents an experimental study comparing generic (all-disabilities) web accessibility evaluations with personalized evaluations tailored to specific disability profiles. Using the WaaT (Web Accessibility Assessment Tool) evaluator, the authors assessed 39 home pages…

  accessibility testing · automated evaluation · personalization · accessibility metrics · WCAG compliance

• 'The new accessibility panic': Remaining challenges to the achievement of Australia's National Transition Strategy

  Denise Wood, Scott Hollier · 2014 · Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper examines the Australian Government's progress toward its 2010 National Transition Strategy (NTS), which mandated that all federal, state, and territory websites achieve WCAG 2.0 Level AA conformance by the end of 2014. Drawing on content analysis of government blog…

  web accessibility · government accessibility · accessibility policy · WCAG compliance · accessibility training

• HEUA: A Heuristic Evaluation with Usability and Accessibility Requirements to Assess Web Systems

  Ana Luiza Dias, Renata Pontin de Mattos Fortes, Paulo Cesar Masiero · 2014 · Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper from the University of Sao Paulo presents HEUA (Heuristic Evaluation with Usability and Accessibility), a questionnaire-based instrument that integrates usability and accessibility assessment into a single evaluation framework for web systems. The authors argue that…

  accessibility testing · usability testing · heuristic evaluation · evaluation methods · web accessibility

• Investigating the Appropriateness and Relevance of Mobile Web Accessibility Guidelines

  Raphael Clegg-Vinell, Christopher Bailey, Voula Gkatzidou · 2014 · Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper from AbilityNet and Brunel University examines whether real accessibility issues found during mobile user testing can be effectively mapped to existing guidelines — specifically WCAG 2.0 and the W3C Mobile Web Best Practices (MWBP) 1.0. Five lab-based mobile testing…

  mobile accessibility · WCAG compliance · accessibility testing · usability testing · accessibility standards

• WAI-ARIA Live Regions and HTML5

  Peter Thiessen · 2011 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper examines the interoperability of WAI-ARIA live regions with HTML5 semantic elements, testing whether screen readers can correctly handle dynamic DOM updates when live region attributes are applied to new HTML5 elements like section, nav, and article. The author…

  WAI-ARIA · HTML5 · screen readers · dynamic content · AJAX

• Application of Traditional Software Testing Methodologies to Web Accessibility

  Cynthia C. Shelly, Mike Barta · 2010 · Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  Written by authors from Microsoft and the University of Washington, this paper argues that the evolution of web content from static documents to dynamic Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) demands a corresponding evolution in accessibility testing methodology — from post-hoc…

  accessibility testing · software development · quality assurance · shift-left accessibility · automated testing

• Accessibility Challenges and Tool Features: An IBM Web Developer Perspective

  Shari Trewin, Brian Cragun, Cal Swart, Jonathan Brezin, John Richards · 2010 · Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This highly cited (50 citations) survey of 49 IBM web developers explores the barriers they face in creating accessible rich internet applications and what features they value in accessibility testing tools. IBM mandates accessibility through Corporate Instruction 162, with a…

  developer awareness · accessibility testing · evaluation tools · software development · accessibility training

• Accessibility by Demonstration: Enabling End Users to Guide Developers to Web Accessibility Solutions

  Jeffrey P. Bigham, Jeremy T. Brudvik, Bernie Zhang · 2010 · Proceedings of the 12th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2010)

  This paper introduces Accessibility by Demonstration (ABD), a novel approach to accessibility evaluation that lets assistive technology users record the accessibility problems they encounter as shareable, replayable demonstrations and send them directly to web developers. ABD is…

  web accessibility · accessibility testing · screen readers · blind and low vision · accessibility evaluation