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• OPTIMAL-EM: Complexity-Driven Clustering for Optimised Web Accessibility Evaluation

  Alexander Hambley, Yeliz Yesilada, Markel Vigo, Simon Harper · 2026 · ACM Transactions on the Web, Vol. 20, No. 2

  Hambley, Yesilada, Vigo, and Harper (University of Manchester and METU-NCC) extend their OPTIMAL-EM methodology for large-scale web accessibility conformance evaluation. The problem they address is fundamental to professional auditing: the W3C's Website Accessibility Conformance…

  web accessibility · accessibility evaluation · WCAG-EM · OPTIMAL-EM · representative sampling

• Judge: Effective State Abstraction for Guiding Automated Web GUI Testing

  Chenxu Liu, Junheng Wang, Wei Yang, Ying Zhang, Tao Xie · 2026 · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology

  This paper presents Judge, a novel approach to state abstraction for automated web GUI testing (AWGT). AWGTs explore web applications by performing GUI actions and building a state model to guide further exploration, maximising code coverage within a fixed time budget. Effective…

  automated testing · web accessibility · GUI testing · DOM · machine learning

• Access Over Deception: Fighting Deceptive Patterns through Accessibility

  Tobias Pellkvist, Katie Seaborn, Miu Kojima · 2026 · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '26)

  This exploratory paper asks whether the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and related European legislation — the European Accessibility Act (EAA), the Digital Services Act (DSA), and the upcoming Digital Fairness Act (DFA) — can be repurposed as a tool against…

  dark patterns · deceptive design · manipulative interfaces · heuristic evaluation · web accessibility

• Three Modalities, Two Design Probes, One Prototype, and No Vision: Experience-Based Co-Design of a Multi-modal 3D Data Visualization Tool

  Sanchita S. Kamath, Aziz N. Zeidieh, Venkatesh Potluri, Sile O'Modhrain, Kenneth Perry, JooYoung Seo · 2026 · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '26)

  Kamath et al. report an Experience-Based Co-Design (EBCD) process in which five blind or low-vision (BLV) researchers and one sighted collaborator built a web-native, multimodal prototype for exploring 3D surface plots - a class of visualisation central to VUV spectroscopy,…

  blind and low vision · data visualization · 3D visualization · sonification · spatial audio

• Measuring the Semantic Accessibility Gap in LLM-Generated Web UIs

  Tommaso Calo, Alexandra-Elena Gurita, Luigi De Russis · 2026 · Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '26)

  Calo, Gurita, and De Russis investigate a blind spot of mainstream automated accessibility tools: while scanners like Axe-core reliably catch missing alt attributes or unlabelled form fields (syntactic violations), they cannot tell whether the values present are actually…

  web accessibility · large language models · LLM code generation · semantic accessibility · WCAG

• LaboSignes: an Interactive French Sign Language Recognition Interface

  Jules Françoise, Julie Lascar, Cyril Verrechia, Sidonie Minodier, Michèle Gouiffès, Annelies Braffort · 2026 · Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA ’26)

  LaboSignes is a web-based interactive French Sign Language (LSF) recognition system aimed at search-by-sign, addressing the fact that most online resources, including bilingual dictionaries and news sites, are navigable only through written French, which is a second language for…

  sign language · French Sign Language · sign language recognition · Deaf accessibility · gesture recognition

• From Cluttered to Clear: Improving the Web Accessibility Design for Screen Reader Users in E-commerce With Generative AI

  Yaman Yu, Bektur Ryskeldiev, Ayaka Tsutsui, Matthew Gillingham, Yang Wang · 2025 · ASSETS '25: Proceedings of the 27th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

  This paper explores how Generative AI (GenAI) can be used to automatically restructure the HTML of shopping websites to improve accessibility for screen reader users. Blind and low vision users face persistent barriers on e-commerce sites — complex layouts, inconsistent heading…

  screen readers · web accessibility · generative AI · e-commerce · blind and low vision

• AccessGuru: Leveraging LLMs to Detect and Correct Web Accessibility Violations in HTML Code

  Nadeen Fathallah, Daniel Hernández, Steffen Staab · 2025 · ASSETS 2025: 27th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

  This paper introduces AccessGuru, a novel method that combines traditional automated accessibility testing tools with large language models (LLMs) to both detect and correct web accessibility violations in HTML code. The work addresses a persistent gap in accessibility tooling:…

  automated testing · web accessibility · large language models · HTML remediation · prompt engineering

• Task Mode: Dynamic Filtering for Task-Specific Web Navigation using LLMs

  Ananya Gubbi Mohanbabu, Yotam Sechayk, Amy Pavel · 2025 · ASSETS 2025: 27th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

  This paper presents Task Mode, a Chrome browser extension that dynamically filters web content based on user-specified goals using large language models (specifically GPT-4o) to identify and prioritize task-relevant elements while suppressing distractions. The system addresses a…

  web navigation · screen reader · large language model · content filtering · task-based browsing

• A Review of 25 Years of Human-Computer Interaction Research on Reading Support Technologies for People with Disabilities Published in the ACM Digital Library

  Oliver Alonzo, Saad Hassan · 2025 · ASSETS 2025: 27th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

  This systematic literature review analyzes 101 HCI publications from ACM venues spanning 2000 to 2024 that focus on reading support technologies for people with disabilities. The authors developed a comprehensive coding rubric covering publication metadata, contribution types,…

  systematic literature review · reading support · reading disability · dyslexia · blind or low vision

• Adapting Online Customer Reviews for Blind Users: A Case Study of Restaurant Reviews

  Mohan Sunkara, Akshay Kolgar Nayak, Sandeep Kalari, Yash Prakash, Sampath Jayarathna, Hae-Na Lee, Vikas Ashok · 2025 · Proceedings of the 22nd International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper addresses the significant usability challenges blind screen reader users face when navigating online customer reviews, using restaurant reviews on Google Maps as a case study. The research proceeds in two phases. First, an interview study with 30 blind screen reader…

  screen readers · blind users · online reviews · LLM accessibility · content summarization

• AccessMenu: Enhancing Usability of Online Restaurant Menus for Screen Reader Users

  Nithiya Venkatraman, Akshay Kolgar Nayak, Suyog Dahal, Yash Prakash, Hae-Na Lee, Vikas Ashok · 2025 · Proceedings of the 22nd International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper addresses the significant accessibility barriers that blind and visually impaired (BVI) screen reader users face when trying to access online restaurant menus, which are typically presented as images or PDFs. The research proceeds in two phases. First, an interview…

  screen readers · blind users · visual document understanding · LLM accessibility · multimodal AI

• Data Sonification for Screen-Reader Users: When and When Not to Use

  Ather Sharif, Neha Aitharaju, Srihari Krishnaswamy, Jacob Wobbrock · 2025 · Proceedings of the 22nd International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper from the University of Washington assesses when data sonification — non-speech audio representations of data visualizations — is and is not beneficial for screen-reader users. Despite sonification dating back to 1974 and growing adoption in commercial products (Apple…

  sonification · data visualization · screen readers · blindness · visual impairment

• Accessible Web Design for Older Adults: Challenges and Solutions

  Washington Chiriboga-Casanova, Nuria Medina-Medina, Patricia Paderewski-Rodríguez · 2025 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This systematic literature review analyzes 4,052 articles published between 2014 and 2023 to comprehensively map the challenges older adults face online and the solutions proposed to address them. Using the PRISMA methodology and PICO framework, the authors selected 35 studies…

  systematic review · older adults · web accessibility · aging · design guidelines

• Morae: Proactively Pausing UI Agents for User Choices

  Yi-Hao Peng, Dingzeyu Li, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Amy Pavel · 2025 · Proceedings of the 38th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '25)

  This paper introduces Morae, a UI agent that proactively pauses during automated task execution to involve blind and low-vision (BLV) users in critical decisions, rather than completing tasks end-to-end without user input. The work is motivated by a field study with four BLV…

  UI agents · blind and low vision · large language models · human-agent interaction · user agency

• CodeA11y: Making AI Coding Assistants Useful for Accessible Web Development

  Peya Mowar, Yi-Hao Peng, Jason Wu, Aaron Steinfeld, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2025 · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '25)

  This paper addresses a persistent problem: despite decades of accessibility standards and tools, ~96% of web pages contain accessibility violations. The authors argue that AI coding assistants like GitHub Copilot represent an untapped opportunity because developers already use…

  web accessibility · AI coding assistants · developer tools · WCAG · automated testing

• The WebAIM Million: An Annual Accessibility Analysis of the Top 1,000,000 Home Pages

  WebAIM · 2024 · WebAIM

  Annual large-scale automated accessibility evaluation of the top one million website home pages. The study consistently reveals widespread accessibility failures, with the majority of pages containing detectable WCAG conformance errors.

  automated testing · web accessibility · large-scale analysis

• Design considerations for photosensitivity warnings in visual media

  Laura South, Caglar Yildirim, Amy Pavel, Michelle A. Borkin · 2024 · Proceedings of the 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '24)

  This paper investigates how photosensitivity warnings should be designed for digital visual media to effectively help people with photosensitive epilepsy (PSE) navigate content safely. Photosensitive seizures can be triggered by flashing lights, strobing effects, and rapid…

  photosensitive epilepsy · seizure safety · video accessibility · content warnings · web accessibility

• Context-Aware Image Descriptions for Web Accessibility

  Ananya Gubbi Mohanbabu, Amy Pavel · 2024 · Proceedings of the 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '24)

  This paper addresses a fundamental limitation of current AI-generated image descriptions: they describe images in isolation without considering the surrounding webpage context. When blind and low-vision (BLV) users encounter images on the web, what they need to know about an…

  alt text · image descriptions · blind and low vision · artificial intelligence · large language models

• Understanding and Reducing the Challenges Faced by Creators of Accessible Online Data Visualizations

  Ather Sharif, Joo Gyeong Kim, Jessie Zijia Xu, Jacob O. Wobbrock · 2024 · Proceedings of the 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '24)

  This paper investigates the challenges visualization creators face in making online data visualizations accessible to screen-reader users and develops interventions to address these challenges. Data visualizations (charts, graphs, maps, dashboards) are increasingly prevalent on…

  data visualization · screen readers · web accessibility · sonification · blind and low vision

• "Slipping through the cracks": A Duoethnography of Web Accessibility

  Shira Abramovich, Elizabeth Patitsas · 2024 · ASSETS '24: Proceedings of the 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

  This position paper uses duoethnography — a collaborative qualitative method where two researchers examine a shared topic through their contrasting personal experiences — to explore the practical labour of doing web accessibility work. The authors, Shira Abramovich (a…

  web accessibility · professional practice · accessibility management · organizational accessibility · qualitative research

• Information Wayfinding of Screen Reader Users: Five Personas to Expand Conceptualizations of User Experiences

  J. Bern Jordan, Victoria Van Hyning, Mason A. Jones, Rachael Bradley Montgomery, Elizabeth Bottner, Evan Tansil · 2024 · ASSETS '24: Proceedings of the 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

  This paper presents five user personas representing the diverse range of screen reader experiences, developed from observations across several studies with blind screen reader users. The authors challenge the common assumption in research and development that screen reader users…

  screen readers · blind users · personas · user experience · information wayfinding

• The Promise and Pitfalls of Web Accessibility Overlays for Blind and Low Vision Users

  Tlamelo Makati, Garreth W. Tigwell, Kristen Shinohara · 2024 · Proceedings of the 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2024)

  This study provides the first substantial empirical evidence from blind and low-vision users about their experiences with web accessibility overlays—third-party JavaScript tools that claim to enhance website usability for people with disabilities by adding an additional…

  web accessibility · accessibility overlays · screen readers · blind users · low vision

• Accessibility in AI-Assisted Web Development

  Peya Mowar · 2024 · Proceedings of the 21st International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This extended abstract from a CMU doctoral student examines whether AI code generation tools—specifically GitHub Copilot—help or hinder web accessibility when used by developers. The research is motivated by a persistent problem: despite decades of accessibility research, 96.3%…

  AI code generation · web accessibility · developer practices · GitHub Copilot · automated testing

• A Universal Web Accessibility Feedback Form: A Participatory Design Study

  Adrian Wegener, Kathrin Fausel, Saskia Haug, Alexander Maedche · 2024 · Proceedings of the 21st International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper addresses a gap in web accessibility practice: while automated testing tools can catch structural violations, they cannot reliably assess the quality of alternative text, the usability of dynamic content, or many other issues that only human users can identify. The EU…

  web accessibility · participatory design · visual impairments · feedback mechanisms · user-centered design