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• How Much Does Expertise Matter? A Barrier Walkthrough Study with Experts and Non-Experts

  Yeliz Yesilada, Giorgio Brajnik, Simon Harper · 2009 · Proceedings of the 11th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '09)

  This paper investigates whether expertise matters in manual web accessibility evaluation by comparing results from 19 expert and 51 non-expert judges using the Barrier Walkthrough (BW) method. The BW method is an analytical technique based on heuristic walkthrough where…

  web accessibility · accessibility evaluation · barrier walkthrough · WCAG · evaluator effect

• A Web Compliance Engineering Framework to Support the Development of Accessible Rich Internet Applications

  Carlos A Velasco, Dimitar Denev, Dirk Stegemann, Yehya Mohamad · 2008 · Proceedings of the 2008 International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A 2008)

  This paper from Fraunhofer Institute introduces Web Compliance Engineering as a new discipline within Web Engineering, and presents a software framework (imergo) designed to support accessibility compliance for Rich Internet Applications. The authors argue that existing…

  web compliance engineering · rich internet applications · accessibility testing · semantic web · EARL

• A comparative test of web accessibility evaluation methods

  Giorgio Brajnik · 2008 · Proceedings of the 10th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '08)

  This paper presents a controlled laboratory experiment comparing two web accessibility evaluation methods: conformance review (CR) and barrier walkthrough (BW). Conformance review is the traditional approach where evaluators check whether a page satisfies a checklist of criteria…

  accessibility evaluation · conformance testing · barrier walkthrough · web accessibility · WCAG

• A Web Accessibility Report Card for Top International University Web Sites

  Shaun K. Kane, Jessie A. Shulman, Timothy J. Shockley, Richard E. Ladner · 2007 · Proceedings of the 2007 International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper from the University of Washington presents a comprehensive multi-method accessibility evaluation of the home pages of the top 100 international universities as ranked by the Times Higher Education Supplement 2006 World University Rankings. The study combined four…

  web accessibility · education · accessibility testing · WCAG compliance · automated testing

• SAMBA: a semi-automatic method for measuring barriers of accessibility

  Giorgio Brajnik, Raffaella Lomuscio · 2007 · Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '07)

  Brajnik and Lomuscio argue that web accessibility cannot be managed without being measured, yet existing accessibility metrics are underdeveloped and almost universally tied to conformance with WCAG checkpoints rather than to the real-world barriers end users encounter. The…

  web accessibility · accessibility metrics · accessibility evaluation · accessibility testing · conformance testing

• Semantic Web enabled web accessibility evaluation tools

  Shadi Abou-Zahra · 2005 · Proceedings of the 2005 International Cross-Disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper by Shadi Abou-Zahra of the W3C presents the Evaluation and Report Language (EARL) as a Semantic Web-based solution to fundamental problems in web accessibility evaluation tooling. Abou-Zahra identifies that the accessibility evaluation tool market of 2005 provided…

  automated testing · accessibility testing · semantic web · EARL · evaluation tools

• Proposing New Metrics to Evaluate Web Usability for the Blind

  Kentarou Fukuda, Shin Saito, Hironobu Takagi, Chieko Asakawa · 2005 · CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems

  This four-page CHI '05 extended abstract argues that existing automated accessibility checkers — in 2005 typified by Bobby — had plateaued: they verified the presence of ALT attributes, labels, and markup conformance, yet real blind users still found many 'compliant' web pages…

  web accessibility · accessibility evaluation · accessibility metrics · screen readers · voice browser

• Accessibility Designer: Visualizing Usability for the Blind

  Hironobu Takagi, Chieko Asakawa, Kentarou Fukuda, Junji Maeda · 2003 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '04)

  This paper from IBM's Tokyo Research Laboratory presents Accessibility Designer (aDesigner), a tool that goes beyond conventional accessibility checkers by visualising the usability of web pages for blind screen reader users rather than merely checking HTML compliance. The…

  web accessibility · accessibility testing · screen reader · blindness and low vision · accessibility tools

• Programming for Usability in Nonvisual User Interfaces

  Gerhard Weber · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This short paper from Harz University addresses a fundamental problem in accessible software development: sighted developers working in visual programming environments must create interfaces that are usable nonvisually, but standard software engineering methods provide no tools…

  accessibility API · screen readers · software engineering · nonvisual interface · usability

• A Study of Input Device Manipulation Difficulties

  Shari Trewin · 1996 · Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This paper from the University of Edinburgh describes a pilot study designed to gather detailed, quantified data about physical input errors made by people with motor disabilities when using standard keyboards and mice. The author identifies a significant gap: despite widespread…

  motor disability · keyboard accessibility · mouse accessibility · input errors · performance errors