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• Adee: Bringing Accessibility Right Inside Design Tools

  Samine Hadadi · 2021 · The 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2021)

  This extended abstract introduces Adee, an accessibility testing plugin that integrates directly into popular design platforms — Adobe XD, Figma, and Sketch — to make accessibility checking a seamless part of the design workflow rather than an afterthought. The paper argues that…

  design tools · color contrast · color blindness · touch target size · alternative text

• Intelligent Approaches in the Software Development Process: A Systematic Literature Mapping

  Luciano Arruda Teran, Alan Trindade de Almeida Silva, Giselle Lorrane Nobre Melo, Marcelle Pereira Mota · 2021 · Proceedings of the X Latin American Conference on Human Computer Interaction (CLIHC)

  This short paper from the Federal University of Pará in Brazil presents a systematic literature mapping (SLM) investigating how intelligent approaches — methods and tools using artificial intelligence concepts — are used to assess and validate accessibility requirements during…

  software engineering · accessibility testing · artificial intelligence · automated testing · systematic review

• Web Accessibility Testing for Singapore Government e-Services

  Zui Young Lim, Jia Min Chua, Kaiting Yang, Wei Shin Tan, Yinn Chai · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper from Singapore's Government Technology Agency presents a customized automated accessibility testing tool designed specifically for government e-service developers. The authors identified two core problems: Singapore's low accessibility maturity despite being a…

  automated testing · web accessibility · government services · accessibility evaluation · CI/CD

• Analysis of automated contrast checking tools

  Rafael Almeida, Carlos Duarte · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper evaluates the reliability and limitations of three free automated color contrast checking tools: the Color Contrast Accessibility Validator (from the Bureau of Internet Accessibility), WAVE (from WebAIM), and the WCAG Color Contrast Checker (a browser extension for…

  color contrast · automated testing · accessibility tools · WCAG compliance · visual accessibility

• Tables on the web accessible? unfortunately not!

  Waqar Haider, Yeliz Yesilada · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper presents the first large-scale systematic study specifically focused on the accessibility of HTML tables on the web. The authors crawled approximately 30,000 web pages sourced from Google, Google Tables, and the Alexa top 10,000 sites, ultimately analyzing over 16,000…

  web accessibility · HTML tables · automated testing · WCAG compliance · screen readers

• A declarative model for accessibility requirements

  Jens Pelzetter · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper addresses a fundamental problem in automated accessibility testing: different tools produce inconsistent results because they each implement their own interpretation of WCAG guidelines in code, and the guidelines themselves contain ambiguity. The author proposes a…

  automated testing · WCAG compliance · ACT Rules · ontology · accessibility evaluation

• The Compliance Mindset: Exploring Accessibility Adoption in Client-Based Settings

  Emma L. Holliday · 2020 · Proceedings of the 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2020)

  This short paper investigates how web accessibility is adopted in client-based settings such as consultancies and freelance work, where practitioners must navigate the tension between their own accessibility knowledge and client priorities. The study was motivated by the…

  web accessibility · organizational accessibility · compliance · WCAG · automated testing

• Automated Generation of Accessible PDF

  Shaban Zulfiqar, Safa Arooj, Umar Hayat, Suleman Shahid, Asim Karim · 2020 · Proceedings of the 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2020)

  This demonstration paper presents AGAP (Automated Generation of Accessible PDF), an open-source tool that automates the generation of accessible PDFs from LaTeX source files while making the authoring process itself accessible to people with vision impairments. LaTeX is the…

  PDF accessibility · document accessibility · screen readers · STEM accessibility · automated testing

• Comparing Accessibility Evaluation Plug-ins

  Tânia Frazão, Carlos Duarte · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper from the University of Lisbon systematically compares eight free Chrome browser extensions for automated accessibility evaluation: Microsoft Accessibility Insights, ACCESS Assistant Community, ARC Toolkit, aXe Chrome Plugin, Lighthouse, Tenon Check, TotalValidator,…

  automated testing · accessibility testing · WCAG · web accessibility · evaluation tools

• An Epidemiology-inspired Large-scale Analysis of Android App Accessibility

  Anne Spencer Ross, Xiaoyi Zhang, James Fogarty, Jacob O. Wobbrock · 2020 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This paper presents the largest analysis of Android app accessibility to date, testing 9,999 free apps from the Rico repository for seven distinct accessibility barriers. Drawing on epidemiological methods, the authors frame accessibility barriers as "diseases" affecting the app…

  mobile accessibility · Android · TalkBack · screen readers · automated testing

• Automatic Identification of Widgets and their Subcomponents Based on a Classification Pipeline for DOM Mutation Records

  Eduardo Henrique Rizo, Renata Pontin de Mattos Fortes, Humberto Lidio Antonelli, Willian Massami Watanabe · 2019 · Proceedings of the 16th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper presents a machine learning pipeline for automatically classifying web widgets (specifically dropdown menus) and their subcomponents by analyzing DOM mutation records — the dynamic changes that occur in a web page's HTML structure when users interact with it or visual…

  WAI-ARIA · machine learning · web accessibility · automated testing · widgets

• The Current Status of Accessibility in Mobile Apps

  Shunguo Yan, P. G. Ramachandran · 2019 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This large-scale empirical study evaluated the accessibility of 479 Android apps from Google Play across 23 business categories using IBM Mobile Accessibility Checker (MAC), an automated tool that maps accessibility rules to GUI widget categories. The study examined over 610,000…

  mobile accessibility · Android · automated testing · accessibility evaluation · GUI accessibility

• Drop-Down Menu Widget Identification Using HTML Structure Changes Classification

  Humberto Lidio Antonelli, Rodrigo Augusto Igawa, Renata Pontin De Mattos Fortes, Eduardo Henrique Rizo, Willian Massami Watanabe · 2018 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)

  This paper addresses a critical gap in web accessibility: the widespread failure of interactive widgets in rich internet applications (RIAs) to implement WAI-ARIA markup, rendering them inaccessible to screen reader users and other assistive technology users. The authors propose…

  ARIA · web accessibility · machine learning · widgets · automated testing

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Web Accessibility: Is Conformance Evaluation a Way Forward?

  Shadi Abou-Zahra, Judy Brewer, Michael Cooper · 2018 · Proceedings of the 15th International Web for All Conference (W4A 2018)

  This short paper from three W3C/WAI staff members explores the potential and limitations of applying artificial intelligence to improve web accessibility, proposing accessibility conformance evaluation as a strategic pathway to accelerate AI adoption in this domain. The authors…

  artificial intelligence · web accessibility · WCAG · automated testing · machine learning

• Web Accessibility Evaluation in a Crowdsourcing-Based System with Expertise-Based Decision Strategy

  Shuyi Song, Jiajun Bu, Ye Wang, Zhi Yu, Andreas Artmeier, Lianjun Dai, Can Wang · 2018 · Proceedings of the 15th International Web for All Conference (W4A 2018)

  This short paper presents a crowdsourcing-based web accessibility evaluation system that addresses the scalability bottleneck in manual accessibility evaluation: expert evaluators are scarce (training takes years) and expensive, yet many WCAG checkpoints cannot be evaluated…

  web accessibility · crowdsourcing · accessibility evaluation · WCAG · automated testing

• Automatic Role Detection of Visual Elements of Web Pages for Automatic Accessibility Evaluation

  Carlos Duarte, Ana Salvado, M. Elgin Akpinar, Yeliz Yeşilada, Luís Carriço · 2018 · Proceedings of the 15th International Web for All Conference (W4A 2018)

  This short paper presents an approach to automatically detect the visual roles of web page elements — specifically menus and lists — to enable automated accessibility evaluation tools to assess WCAG techniques that require understanding an element’s semantic role, not just its…

  automated testing · web accessibility · WCAG · web page segmentation · navigation

• Using Ontologies as a Foundation for Web Accessibility Tools

  Jens Pelzetter · 2018 · Proceedings of the 15th International Web for All Conference (W4A 2018)

  This extended abstract proposes using formal ontologies — machine-readable knowledge representations using languages like OWL (Web Ontology Language) — as the foundation for web accessibility tools, addressing two major problems: supporting developers in creating accessible…

  web accessibility · ontologies · WCAG · knowledge representation · automated testing

• Semantic Content Analysis Supporting Web Accessibility Evaluation

  Carlos Duarte, Inês Matos, Luís Carriço · 2018 · Proceedings of the 15th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper addresses a fundamental limitation of automated web accessibility evaluation tools: their inability to assess whether text alternatives actually describe the content they refer to. While tools can detect the presence of an alt attribute on an image, they cannot judge…

  automated testing · alternative text · semantic analysis · machine learning · image recognition

• Reliability Aware Web Accessibility Experience Metric

  Shuyi Song, Jiajun Bu, Chengchao Shen, Andreas Artmeier, Zhi Yu, Qin Zhou · 2018 · Proceedings of the 15th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper introduces RA-WAEM (Reliability Aware Web Accessibility Experience Metric), a novel approach to measuring website accessibility that incorporates actual user experience from people with disabilities while accounting for the varying reliability of different evaluators.…

  accessibility metrics · user experience · accessibility evaluation · machine learning · web accessibility

• Examining Image-Based Button Labeling for Accessibility in Android Apps through Large-Scale Analysis

  Anne Spencer Ross, Xiaoyi Zhang, James Fogarty, Jacob O. Wobbrock · 2018 · Proceedings of the 20th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '18)

  This paper presents the first large-scale analysis of mobile app accessibility, focusing specifically on label-based accessibility barriers in image-based buttons across 5,753 free Android apps. The researchers analyzed three classes of interactive image-based buttons —…

  mobile accessibility · Android · screen readers · image labeling · large-scale analysis

• Active Learning for Web Accessibility Evaluation

  Mengni Zhang, Can Wang, Zhi Yu, Chao Shen, Jiajun Bu · 2017 · Proceedings of the 14th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper introduces "active-prediction," a semi-supervised machine learning method that addresses a fundamental bottleneck in web accessibility evaluation: the prohibitive cost of evaluating all pages in a large website. Current practice relies on sampling methods (ad hoc,…

  accessibility evaluation · machine learning · active learning · web accessibility · automated testing

• A Task Assignment Strategy for Crowdsourcing-Based Web Accessibility Evaluation System

  Liangcheng Li, Can Wang, Shuyi Song, Zhi Yu, Fenqin Zhou, Jiajun Bu · 2017 · Proceedings of the 14th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper addresses a practical challenge in scaling web accessibility evaluation: how to effectively assign manual evaluation tasks to volunteer crowdsource workers with varying levels of expertise. While automated tools can check many accessibility checkpoints, they cannot…

  web accessibility evaluation · crowdsourcing · machine learning · automated testing · conformance testing

• Epidemiology as a Framework for Large-Scale Mobile Application Accessibility Assessment

  Anne Spencer Ross, Xiaoyi Zhang, James Fogarty, Jacob O. Wobbrock · 2017 · Proceedings of the 19th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS)

  This paper introduces a novel conceptual framework for understanding mobile app accessibility by drawing an extended metaphor from epidemiology — the study of disease patterns, causes, and effects in populations. The core insight is that app accessibility is typically considered…

  mobile accessibility · accessibility testing · automated testing · Android · accessibility frameworks

• Measuring the Impact of Automated Evaluation Tools on Alternative Text Quality: A Web Translation Study

  Silvia Rodríguez Vázquez · 2016 · Proceedings of the 13th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper presents the first empirical study on web accessibility conducted around a translation task, investigating how automated evaluation tools affect the quality of image text alternatives produced by web translators. Twenty-eight professional French translators were asked…

  alternative text · image accessibility · web translation · localization · automated testing

• Development technologies impact in web accessibility

  Carlos Duarte, Inês Matos, João Vicente, Ana Salvado, Carlos M. Duarte, Luís Carriço · 2016 · Proceedings of the 13th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This study investigates whether the choice of web development technologies—programming languages, web frameworks, JavaScript frameworks, and content management systems—has a measurable impact on the accessibility of resulting web pages. The researchers crawled 1,669 pages from…

  web accessibility · automated testing · web development · content management systems · JavaScript frameworks