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• Effects of sampling methods on web accessibility evaluations

  Giorgio Brajnik, Andrea Mulas, Claudia Pitton · 2007 · Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '07)

  Brajnik, Mulas, and Pitton's Assets '07 paper is a large, careful empirical investigation of the sampling step in web-accessibility evaluation — the step at which an evaluator picks which pages of a site to actually test. For any site above a trivial size, full coverage is…

  web accessibility · accessibility evaluation · sampling methods · accessibility metrics · conformance testing

• SADIe: exposing implicit information to improve accessibility

  Darren Lunn · 2007 · Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '07)

  Darren Lunn's Assets '07 demonstration paper introduces SADIe (Structural-Semantics for Accessibility and Device Independence), a transcoding system from the University of Manchester that uses Semantic Web ontologies to expose the implicit visual structure of web pages to screen…

  web accessibility · transcoding · semantic web · ontology · CSS

• Simulation to predict performance of assistive interfaces

  Pradipta Biswas, Peter Robinson · 2007 · Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '07)

  This short ASSETS 2007 poster from Pradipta Biswas and Peter Robinson at the Cambridge Computer Laboratory describes a simulator for predicting how disabled users will perform on a given assistive interface, intended to reduce the dependence on hard-to-recruit disabled…

  user simulation · usability evaluation · GOMS · Model Human Processor · scanning interface

• Photonote evaluation: aiding students with disabilities in a lecture environment

  Gregory Hughes, Peter Robinson · 2007 · Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '07)

  Hughes and Robinson at the Cambridge Computer Laboratory present Photonote, a lecture-capture system designed specifically for students with disabilities, and a controlled user study comparing it to human note-takers. Where existing lecture-capture systems (eClass, Lecture…

  lecture capture · note-taking · educational accessibility · academic accommodation · sign language interpreter

• SAMBA: a semi-automatic method for measuring barriers of accessibility

  Giorgio Brajnik, Raffaella Lomuscio · 2007 · Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '07)

  Brajnik and Lomuscio argue that web accessibility cannot be managed without being measured, yet existing accessibility metrics are underdeveloped and almost universally tied to conformance with WCAG checkpoints rather than to the real-world barriers end users encounter. The…

  web accessibility · accessibility metrics · accessibility evaluation · accessibility testing · conformance testing

• Analysis of Navigability of Web Applications for Improving Blind Usability

  Hironobu Takagi, Shin Saito, Kentarou Fukuda, Chieko Asakawa · 2007 · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), Vol. 14, No. 3, Article 13

  This TOCHI article is a two-study investigation into why modern web applications — especially visually dense online shopping sites — remain slow and frustrating for blind users even when they pass automated accessibility checks. The authors argue that current usability theory,…

  web accessibility · screen readers · voice browser · navigation · usability testing

• 2005 Accessibility Diagnosis on the Government Web Sites in Taiwan, R.O.C.

  Yui-Liang Chen, Yen-Yu Chen, Monica Shao · 2006 · Proceedings of the 2006 International Cross-Disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This study assessed the accessibility of 117 Taiwanese government websites in 2005 using the Freego Stand-Alone Validation Tool, developed by Taiwan's Research, Development and Evaluation Commission (RDEC) under the Executive Yuan. Taiwan had established a four-tier conformance…

  government accessibility · automated testing · accessibility evaluation · WCAG compliance · accessibility policy

• Accessibility Evaluation based on Machine Learning Technique

  Daisuke Sato, Hironobu Takagi, Chieko Asakawa · 2006 · Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '06)

  This paper from IBM Tokyo Research Lab proposes using machine learning to evaluate the accessibility of presentation documents, addressing a gap where traditional rule-based checking tools are insufficient. The authors argue that presentation documents are fundamentally…

  automated testing · machine learning · presentation accessibility · accessibility evaluation · support vector machine

• Functional Web Accessibility Techniques and Tools from the University of Illinois

  Jon Gunderson, Hadi Bargi Rangin, Nicholas Hoyt · 2006 · Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '06)

  This paper presents two complementary tools developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for helping web developers create functionally accessible websites: the CITES/DRES Functional Web Accessibility Best Practices and associated evaluation tools. The authors…

  web accessibility · automated testing · accessibility evaluation · WCAG · Section 508

• Transforming Flash to XML for Accessibility Evaluations

  Shin Saito, Hironobu Takagi, Chieko Asakawa · 2006 · Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '06)

  This paper from IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory proposes a method for transforming Flash content into XML structures to enable automated accessibility evaluation. At the time of publication, Flash was installed on over 95% of personal computers and was a major source of…

  Flash accessibility · automated testing · accessibility evaluation · rich internet applications · screen readers

• Task Analysis for Sonification Applications Usability Evaluation

  Ag Asri Ag Ibrahim · 2006 · Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '06)

  This poster paper from University Malaysia Sabah and the University of York proposes a task analysis framework for evaluating the usability of sonification applications — software that transforms data into sound representations. The author argues that while usability evaluation…

  sonification · task analysis · usability inspection · auditory display · accessibility evaluation

• Programmer-Focused Website Accessibility Evaluations

  Chris Law, Julie Jacko, Paula Edwards · 2005 · Proceedings of the 7th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '05)

  This paper argues that accessibility evaluation and reporting processes have historically focused on the needs of end-users with disabilities while overlooking the actual audience for evaluation reports: the programmers who must implement the fixes. The authors observe that the…

  accessibility evaluation · web accessibility · accessibility reporting · developer tools · organizational accessibility

• Emerging Issues, Solutions & Challenges from the Top 20 Issues Affecting Web Application Accessibility

  David Hoffman, Lisa Battle · 2005 · Proceedings of the 7th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '05)

  This poster paper presents the results of a second in-depth analysis of hundreds of accessibility issues documented across real web application projects at the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA), compared with findings from a prior study of over 1,000 accessibility issues…

  web accessibility · accessibility evaluation · accessibility barriers · design patterns · web applications

• Research-Derived Web Design Guidelines for Older People

  Sri Kurniawan, Panayiotis Zaphiris · 2005 · Proceedings of the 7th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '05)

  This paper develops and validates a set of research-derived, ageing-centred web design guidelines through a rigorous multi-stage process. The authors began with an extensive literature review of HCI and ageing research, producing an initial set of 52 guidelines backed by…

  older adults · web design guidelines · aging · usability · accessibility evaluation

• Proposing New Metrics to Evaluate Web Usability for the Blind

  Kentarou Fukuda, Shin Saito, Hironobu Takagi, Chieko Asakawa · 2005 · CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems

  This four-page CHI '05 extended abstract argues that existing automated accessibility checkers — in 2005 typified by Bobby — had plateaued: they verified the presence of ALT attributes, labels, and markup conformance, yet real blind users still found many 'compliant' web pages…

  web accessibility · accessibility evaluation · accessibility metrics · screen readers · voice browser

• Web Accessibility Highlights and Trends

  Judy Brewer · 2004 · Proceedings of the 2004 International Cross-Disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  Written by Judy Brewer, Director of the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative, this paper provides an authoritative overview of the state of web accessibility standards and their implementation as of 2004. Brewer describes the three complementary WAI guidelines — WCAG 1.0 (for web…

  WCAG · WAI · W3C · standards harmonization · accessibility policy

• Tension, what tension?: Website accessibility and visual design

  Helen Petrie, Fraser Hamilton, Neil King · 2004 · Proceedings of the 2004 International Cross-Disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper from City University London directly challenges the widespread belief among web designers that accessible websites must be visually plain and boring. The researchers conducted a large-scale evaluation of 100 websites, starting with automated WAI guideline testing of…

  visual design · user testing · web accessibility · usability · disability

• Accessibility of Internet Websites through Time

  Stephanie Hackett, Bambang Parmanto, Xiaoming Zeng · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper presents a longitudinal analysis of web accessibility from 1997 to 2002 using archived snapshots from the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine. The researchers evaluated 240 archived instances of random websites (40 per year from the Alexa top 500) alongside 22…

  web accessibility · accessibility evaluation · longitudinal study · WCAG · Section 508

• Accessibility Designer: Visualizing Usability for the Blind

  Hironobu Takagi, Chieko Asakawa, Kentarou Fukuda, Junji Maeda · 2003 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '04)

  This paper from IBM's Tokyo Research Laboratory presents Accessibility Designer (aDesigner), a tool that goes beyond conventional accessibility checkers by visualising the usability of web pages for blind screen reader users rather than merely checking HTML compliance. The…

  web accessibility · accessibility testing · screen reader · blindness and low vision · accessibility tools

• Evaluating Web Resources for Disability Access

  Murray Rowan, Peter Gregor, David Sloan, Paul Booth · 2000 · Proceedings of the Fourth International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '00)

  This paper from the University of Dundee's Digital Media Access Group argues that existing accessibility evaluation methods in 2000 were individually insufficient and proposes a comprehensive meta-methodology that combines multiple evaluation techniques into a structured…

  accessibility evaluation · accessibility audit · automated testing · manual testing · heuristic evaluation