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• Deep Learning Methods for Sign Language Translation

  Tejaswini Ananthanarayana, Priyanshu Srivastava, Akash Chintha, Akhil Santha, Brian Landy, Joseph Panaro, Andre Webster, Nikunj Kotecha, Shagan Sah, Thomastine Sarchet, Raymond Ptucha, Ifeoma Nwogu · 2021 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This comprehensive study evaluates deep learning methods for translating sign language video directly to spoken/written text—critically, without requiring the intermediate step of gloss-based recognition (manual sign-for-sign transcription). The researchers systematically…

  sign language · machine translation · deep learning · transformer · neural network

• Sign Language Recognition, Generation, and Translation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

  Danielle Bragg, Oscar Koller, Mary Bellard, Larwan Berke, Patrick Boudreault, Annelies Braffort, Naomi Caselli, Matt Huenerfauth, Hernisa Kacorri, Tessa Verhoef, Christian Vogler, Meredith Ringel Morris · 2019 · Proceedings of the 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2019)

  This paper provides a comprehensive interdisciplinary overview of sign language processing — encompassing recognition, generation, and translation — produced through a two-day workshop bringing together 39 experts from computer science, linguistics, Deaf studies, and industry.…

  sign language · Deaf culture · computer vision · natural language processing · machine translation

• Mobile Sign Language Translation System for Deaf Community

  Mehrez Boulares, Mohamed Jemni · 2012 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper from the University of Tunis presents a mobile web service for translating written text into sign language using a 3D virtual signing agent on Android devices. The system addresses two interrelated accessibility challenges: deaf and hard of hearing people with low…

  sign language · deaf accessibility · mobile accessibility · machine translation · signing avatar

• A Linguistically Motivated Model for Speed and Pausing in Animations of American Sign Language

  Matt Huenerfauth · 2009 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This paper tackles a critical accessibility challenge: many deaf adults in the United States have English reading levels below average 10-year-old hearing students, creating barriers to accessing written web content. Computer-generated animations of American Sign Language (ASL)…

  American Sign Language · sign language animation · deaf accessibility · natural language generation · virtual humans

• South African Sign Language Machine Translation Project

  Lynette van Zijl · 2006 · Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '06)

  This paper describes the South African Sign Language Machine Translation (SASL-MT) project at Stellenbosch University, aimed at increasing the South African Deaf community's access to information by automatically translating English text into South African Sign Language (SASL).…

  sign language · machine translation · deaf · South Africa · natural language processing

• Representing Coordination and Non-Coordination in an American Sign Language Animation

  Matt Huenerfauth · 2005 · Proceedings of the 7th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '05)

  This paper introduces the Partition/Constitute (P/C) Formalism, a new computational representation for encoding the multichannel structure of American Sign Language (ASL) performances to support English-to-ASL machine translation and animation. ASL is a full natural language…

  American Sign Language · sign language animation · machine translation · natural language processing · deaf accessibility

• American Sign Language natural language generation and machine translation

  Matt Huenerfauth · 2005 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  Matt Huenerfauth's 2005 paper describes a research programme to build an English-to-American Sign Language (ASL) machine translation (MT) system that generates animations of a 3D virtual-reality signing character. The author frames the project against a stark literacy gap: most…

  ASL · American Sign Language · deaf accessibility · sign language · sign language animation

• A Multi-Path Architecture for Machine Translation of English Text into American Sign Language Animation

  Matt Huenerfauth · 2004 · Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at HLT-NAACL 2004

  Huenerfauth's 2004 student-research-workshop paper proposes a 'multi-path' (or 'pyramidal') architecture for English-to-American Sign Language machine translation that unifies the three classical MT paradigms — direct, transfer, and interlingua — into a single system, with each…

  ASL · American Sign Language · deaf accessibility · sign language · sign language animation

• The Development of Language Processing Support for the ViSiCAST Project

  R. Elliott, J. R. W. Glauert, J. R. Kennaway, I. Marshall · 2000 · Proceedings of the Fourth International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '00)

  This paper from the University of East Anglia describes early work on the ViSiCAST project (Virtual Signing, Animation, Capture, Storage and Transmission), a 3-year EU-funded initiative to provide improved access to services for Deaf citizens through sign language presented by a…

  sign language · sign language avatar · virtual signing · British Sign Language · machine translation

• Pattern recognition and synthesis for sign language translation system

  M. Ohki, H. Sagawa, T. Sakiyama, E. Oohira, H. Ikeda, H. Fujisawa · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper describes a bidirectional sign language translation system being developed to translate between Japanese Sign Language (JSL) and written Japanese. The system addresses both directions of translation: recognizing sign language input and converting it to Japanese text,…

  sign language recognition · sign language synthesis · Japanese Sign Language · gesture recognition · DataGlove

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