Glossary

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Deinstitutionalization

The process of transitioning disabled people from large, segregated residential institutions to community-based living settings, along with the development of community support services. In the United States, deinstitutionalization gained momentum in the 1950s and 1960s driven…

Independent Living Movement(also: IL Movement)

A disability rights movement that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s advocating for disabled people's right to live independently in the community, make their own choices, and participate fully in society on a par with nondisabled peers. The movement organized protests, including…

Institutionalization

The historical and ongoing practice of placing disabled people in segregated residential facilities such as asylums, nursing homes, and other care institutions, often without their consent. Institutionalization became the default approach to disability in the United States in…

Milan Congress(also: Milan Congress of 1880, Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf)

The Milan Congress was an international conference on the education of Deaf children held in Milan in 1880, where hearing educators voted to ban sign language from Deaf schools and impose oralism, the exclusive use of speech and lip-reading, as the standard pedagogy. The…

Sheltered Employment(also: Sheltered Workshop, Sheltered Work)

A form of employment in which people with disabilities work in a segregated setting, separate from the general labour market, typically under supervised conditions and often for below-minimum wage. Sheltered workshops were historically the primary employment model for people…

Transinstitutionalization

The transition of disabled people from one type of institutional setting to another rather than to genuine community-based living. For example, the movement of disabled individuals from clinical institutions such as psychiatric hospitals to criminal institutional settings such…

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