Glossary

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AI Hiring Interview(also: Automated Video Interview, AVI, Asynchronous Video Interview)

An asynchronous job-interview process in which candidates record video responses to pre-recorded or text-based questions on a platform that uses artificial intelligence to analyse facial expressions, vocal cues, word choice, and behavioural signals to score suitability.…

Accessible Onboarding(also: Inclusive Onboarding)

The process of integrating new employees into an organization in a way that is fully accessible to people with disabilities, encompassing all required documentation, training, system access, and orientation activities. Accessible onboarding requires that every mandatory step —…

Accessible Workplace(also: Inclusive Workplace, Accessible Work Environment)

A work environment—including its physical spaces, digital tools, and organizational practices—designed to be usable by all employees regardless of ability or age. In the digital context, an accessible workplace ensures that internal ICT systems such as HR platforms, financial…

Algorithmic Hiring(also: AI Hiring, Hiring AI, AI-Enabled Hiring)

The use of algorithmic systems — including machine learning and large language models — to source, screen, rank, or select job candidates. Proponents argue algorithmic hiring reduces human bias and scales review; critics show it can amplify bias against disabled, Black, female,…

Amazon Mechanical Turk(also: AMT, MTurk, Mechanical Turk)

A crowdsourcing marketplace operated by Amazon that enables individuals and businesses to distribute tasks (called Human Intelligence Tasks or HITs) to a distributed workforce who complete them remotely for small payments. AMT has been widely used in HCI and accessibility…

Autism Employment Gap(also: Autism Unemployment, Neurodiversity Employment Gap)

The significant disparity in employment rates between autistic adults and the general population. Research indicates only 10-50% of autistic individuals are employed, with just 15-20% in full-time positions despite many having skills and desire to work. Barriers include the job…

Automated Employment Decision System(also: AEDS, AEDT, Automated Employment Decision Tool)

A software system that screens, evaluates, categorises, recommends, or otherwise makes or facilitates hiring or employment decisions about job candidates or workers. AEDSs span résumé sorters, personality tests, gamified cognitive assessments, situational-judgement tests,…

C2C Marketplace(also: Customer-to-Customer Marketplace, Peer-to-Peer Marketplace)

An online platform where individual consumers list goods or services for sale to other individual consumers, rather than selling through a business intermediary. Examples include eBay, Etsy, Mercari, Facebook Marketplace, Vinted, Depop, Gumtree, and Craigslist. C2C marketplaces…

Career Development Learning(also: CDL, Career Readiness Education)

Educational activities and resources that develop students' capabilities for transitioning from higher education to employment, including self-awareness, opportunity awareness, decision-making, and transition skills. For students with disabilities, accessible career development…

Collaborative Robot(also: Cobot, Co-Robot)

A robot designed to work alongside humans in shared workspaces, as opposed to traditional industrial robots that operate in isolation. Cobots are of particular interest for workplace inclusion because they can reduce physical workload, adapt to individual abilities, and create…

Crowd Work(also: Crowdwork, Microtask Work, Gig Work)

A form of employment in which tasks are distributed to a large pool of online workers through digital platforms, typically broken into small, discrete units that can be completed independently and remotely. In the accessibility context, crowd work platforms present both…

Digital Equity(also: Digital Equality)

The condition in which all individuals and communities have equal access to, use of, and ability to benefit from digital technologies, regardless of disability, socioeconomic status, geographic location, or other factors. In workplace contexts, digital equity means ensuring that…

Digital Labor(also: Digital Labour, Online Labor)

Work performed through digital platforms and online systems, including microtask crowdwork, gig economy jobs, and remote freelancing. Digital labor raises important accessibility considerations because it can offer people with disabilities flexible employment opportunities that…

Digitized Assessment(also: Digitised Assessment, Digital Hiring Assessment, Computer-Based Employment Assessment)

A computer-based hiring test used by employers to evaluate candidates' personality, cognition, skills, or judgement. Common formats include personality inventories, gamified cognitive tasks (balloon-inflating risk tests, Flanker attention tasks, arithmetic mini-games),…

Disability Divide(also: Digital Disability Divide)

The sociotechnical disparity between people with and without disabilities in terms of access to, use of, and benefits from digital technologies. While digitalization has transformed work, education, and daily life, many digital systems remain inaccessible or insufficiently…

Disability Employment Gap(also: Employment Disparity)

The significant difference in employment rates between people with and without disabilities. Statistics consistently show that people with disabilities are employed at roughly half the rate of non-disabled people — for example, 34.4% versus 75.4% in the United States (2015…

E-Recruiting(also: Electronic Recruiting, Online Recruiting, Digital Recruitment)

The use of web-based tools and platforms for job posting, candidate sourcing, application submission, and hiring management. E-recruiting systems include job search websites, online application portals, applicant tracking systems, and social networking platforms like LinkedIn.…

Emotional Intelligence Test(also: EI Test, I-EQ Test, Emotional Intelligence Assessment)

A hiring assessment that asks candidates to identify emotions in photographs of faces or to judge appropriate emotional responses in social scenarios. Emotional-intelligence tests are particularly inaccessible to blind and low-vision candidates, who may be unable to interpret…

Employee Onboarding Accessibility(also: Accessible Onboarding, Inclusive Onboarding)

The practice of ensuring that the employee onboarding process — including signing contracts, completing HR forms, accessing web portals, and orientation activities — is fully accessible to people with disabilities. Inaccessible onboarding systems frequently use mouse-dependent…

Employment Accessibility(also: Workplace Accessibility, Job Accessibility, Accessible Employment)

The broad concept of ensuring that all aspects of finding, applying for, interviewing for, and performing a job are accessible to people with disabilities. Employment accessibility encompasses accessible job postings, application systems, interview accommodations, pre-employment…

Employment Discrimination(also: Workplace Discrimination, Hiring Discrimination)

Unjust or unequal treatment of workers or job seekers on the basis of protected characteristics including disability, age, race, gender, religion, national origin, or sexual orientation. In the United States, disability-based employment discrimination is covered by the Americans…

Gig Economy(also: Platform Economy, On-Demand Economy)

An economic model characterized by short-term, flexible, and freelance work arrangements facilitated through digital platforms, rather than traditional permanent employment. For people with disabilities, the gig economy presents both opportunities and challenges: it can provide…

Human Intelligence Task(also: HIT)

A unit of work on a crowdsourcing platform, particularly Amazon Mechanical Turk, that requires human judgment to complete. HITs typically involve tasks that are difficult for computers but straightforward for humans, such as image labeling, transcription, content moderation, or…

Inclusive Employability(also: Inclusive Employment Practices, Disability-Inclusive Employment)

An approach to employment preparation, recruitment, and workplace practices that intentionally addresses the barriers faced by people from equity groups, including people with disabilities, in accessing and succeeding in employment. Inclusive employability goes beyond simply…

Invisible labor(also: Access labor, Hidden work)

The additional, often unrecognized effort that people with disabilities must invest to create and maintain access in environments not designed for them. In workplace contexts, invisible labor includes learning complex workarounds for inaccessible software, memorizing keyboard…

Job Coach(also: Employment Specialist, Vocational Coach, Work Coach)

A professional who provides on-site support and training to help people with disabilities succeed in competitive employment settings. Job coaches assist with learning job tasks, developing workplace social skills, understanding employer expectations, and problem-solving…

Job Coaching(also: Employment Coaching, Workplace Coaching)

Individualized, on-site or remote support provided to workers with disabilities to help them learn job tasks, develop workplace skills, navigate social interactions, and maintain employment. Job coaches may provide direct training, model tasks, facilitate communication with…

Labour Force Participation(also: Workforce Participation, Employment Participation Rate)

The proportion of a population that is either employed or actively seeking employment. In accessibility contexts, labour force participation rates reveal significant disparities: in Norway, for example, only 40.6% of people with disabilities were employed in 2020 compared to…

Micro-task(also: Microtask, HIT, Human Intelligence Task)

A small, self-contained unit of work that can be completed independently, typically in seconds to minutes, often distributed through crowdsourcing platforms. In accessibility contexts, micro-tasks such as image description, transcription, and content tagging are commonly used…

Mixed-Ability Workforce(also: Mixed-Ability Team, Inclusive Workforce)

A work environment where employees with and without disabilities collaborate on shared tasks, each contributing their individual skills and abilities. In mixed-ability settings, workflows, training, and task allocation are designed to leverage the strengths of all workers rather…

Personality Test(also: Personality Inventory, Personality Assessment)

A psychometric instrument that attempts to quantify traits such as conscientiousness, extraversion, emotional stability, or risk tolerance. Personality tests were introduced in industry during and after World War I to screen for "maladjusted" workers, and are now the most…

Postsecondary Education for Students with Intellectual Disabilities(also: PSEID, Inclusive Postsecondary Education, College Programs for ID)

Educational programs at colleges and universities designed to include students with intellectual disabilities in campus life, academics, and career preparation. Unlike traditional special education that ends with high school, these programs extend learning opportunities into…

Self-Efficacy

A person's belief in their own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish particular tasks. In workplace inclusion contexts, self-efficacy is an important outcome measure for assistive technology interventions — technologies should not only help workers complete…

Sheltered Employment(also: Sheltered Workshop, Sheltered Work)

A form of employment in which people with disabilities work in a segregated setting, separate from the general labour market, typically under supervised conditions and often for below-minimum wage. Sheltered workshops were historically the primary employment model for people…

Sheltered Employment(also: Sheltered Work, Sheltered Workshop, Protected Employment)

A model of employment where people with disabilities work in a controlled environment specifically designed to accommodate their needs, typically with lower productivity expectations and specialized supervision. Sheltered work organizations provide employment opportunities for…

Situational Judgment Test(also: SJT, Situational Judgement Test)

A hiring assessment that presents candidates with hypothetical workplace scenarios and asks them to select the "best" and "worst" responses from a predefined multiple-choice list. SJTs assume a single correct behaviour per scenario, which can systematically disadvantage…

Supported Employment(also: SE)

An approach to helping people with significant disabilities find and maintain competitive employment in integrated work settings, with ongoing support as needed. Unlike sheltered workshops or segregated employment, supported employment places individuals in regular workplaces…

Task Allocation(also: Task Assignment, Job Assignment)

The process of assigning specific tasks or roles to workers based on their abilities, skills, and the accessibility of the task. In inclusive workplace settings, task allocation involves carefully evaluating which tasks can be made accessible through accommodations and which may…

Transferable Skills(also: Portable Skills, Cross-Functional Skills)

Abilities and competencies that can be applied across different jobs, industries, and contexts rather than being specific to a single role. In vocational rehabilitation and disability employment contexts, transferable skills training focuses on capabilities like organization,…

Vocational Inclusion(also: Employment Inclusion, Labor Market Inclusion)

The meaningful participation of people with disabilities in the labor market, encompassing not just job placement but access to professional development, training, career advancement, and equitable working conditions. Despite international policy frameworks like the UNCRPD and…

Vocational Rehabilitation(also: VR, Employment Rehabilitation)

Services and programs designed to help people with disabilities prepare for, obtain, maintain, or return to employment. Vocational rehabilitation may include assessment, counseling, training, job placement, assistive technology provision, workplace modification, and ongoing…

Vocational Training(also: Vocational Education, Job Training, Occupational Training)

Vocational training is education focused on developing practical skills and knowledge required for specific occupations or trades. In accessibility contexts, vocational training for people with disabilities is a critical pathway to economic independence and social inclusion, yet…

Worker Assistance System(also: Digital Worker Assistance, Cognitive Assistance System)

Technology systems that support workers during the execution of work processes by providing interactive step-by-step instructions through text, images, videos, audio, and spatial hints. These systems are particularly valuable for workers with cognitive disabilities performing…

Workplace Accommodation(also: Reasonable Accommodation, Job Accommodation)

Modifications or adjustments to a job, work environment, or work processes that enable a person with a disability to perform their job duties and participate equally in the workplace. Accommodations can include physical modifications (accessible workstations, ergonomic…

Workplace Accommodation(also: Reasonable Accommodation, Job Accommodation, Work Adjustment)

Modifications or adjustments to a job, work environment, or the way work is performed that enable a qualified person with a disability to perform essential job functions and enjoy equal employment opportunities. Workplace accommodations may include physical changes (accessible…

Workplace Inclusion(also: Inclusive Workplace)

The practice of creating work environments where all employees, including those with disabilities, can participate fully, contribute their skills, and access the same opportunities for development and advancement. Workplace inclusion goes beyond physical accessibility to…

Workplace accessibility(also: Employment accessibility, Accessible workplace)

The design of work environments, tools, processes, and practices that enable people with disabilities to participate fully and effectively in employment. Workplace accessibility encompasses physical accommodations (accessible offices, ergonomic equipment), digital accessibility…

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