Glossary

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SRT(also: SubRip, SubRip Text, SRT Subtitle Format)

SRT (SubRip Text) is a widely used plain-text subtitle file format originally created by the SubRip software for extracting subtitles from DVDs. An SRT file contains sequentially numbered subtitle entries, each with a time range (start and end timestamps in…

Shadow Speaking(also: Shadow Captioning, Respeaking)

A captioning technique where a trained human operator listens to live speech and repeats (or "respeaks") it clearly into a speech recognition system, which then generates real-time captions. The shadow speaker simplifies and normalizes the speech — removing overlapping dialogue,…

Social Media Video Captions(also: SMVC)

An umbrella term for the textual or symbolic elements — platform-generated captions, creator-edited captions, user-generated captions, and non-speech information such as sound effects, music cues, or onomatopoeia — that are temporally aligned with video content on social media…

Sound Event Detection(also: Audio Tagging, Automatic Sound Recognition)

A machine learning technique that automatically identifies and classifies sounds within an audio stream, such as music, applause, laughter, environmental noises, and other non-speech audio events. In accessibility contexts, sound event detection can complement automatic speech…

Sound Representation(also: Sound Depiction)

The methods and conventions used to convey audio information through text in captions and other written formats. Common approaches include descriptive text (explaining the sound source and quality), onomatopoeia (words that mimic sounds), and sensory quality-focused descriptions…

Speaker Identification(also: Speaker ID, Speaker Attribution)

Methods used in captions and subtitles to indicate which person is currently speaking, enabling viewers to follow conversations among multiple participants. Common in-text speaker identification techniques include double chevrons (>>) with speaker names, different text colors…

Speech-modulated Typography(also: Speech-driven Typography, Prosody-driven Typography)

A design technique in which the visual properties of text — typically font weight, width, or size on a variable-font axis — are modulated in real time by features extracted from a corresponding speech signal, such as pitch, loudness, rhythm, or an inferred emotional-arousal…

Stenographer(also: Stenocaptioner, Court Reporter)

A trained professional who produces real-time verbatim transcription of speech, typically using a stenotype machine that maps chorded key combinations to phonetic syllables. In accessibility contexts, stenographers (sometimes called stenocaptioners or CART providers) produce…

Stenographic Keyboard(also: Steno Machine, Stenotype, Shorthand Keyboard)

A specialized keyboard used by CART captioners and court reporters that allows simultaneous pressing of multiple keys to represent syllables, words, or phrases in a single stroke, enabling transcription speeds of 200+ words per minute. Each captioner maintains a personal…

Stenotype(also: Stenography, Shorthand Typing, Machine Shorthand)

A specialised text-entry method that uses a keyboard with fewer keys than a standard QWERTY layout, where multiple keys are pressed simultaneously (chording) to represent phonetic sounds, syllables, or entire words. Stenotype enables trained operators to achieve speeds of…

Subtitle(also: Subtitles, Open captions (video), Movie subtitles)

On-screen text that reproduces the spoken dialogue of a video, most commonly rendered in a "movie subtitle" style (white text with a black outline, one or two lines at the bottom of the frame). Subtitles are closely related to captions but are conventionally distinguished in…

Subtitles

Text displayed on screen that represents the spoken language in audio-visual content, primarily intended for viewers who do not understand the language being spoken. While often used interchangeably with captions, subtitles and captions serve different purposes: subtitles…

Subtitles(also: Captions, Closed Captions, CC)

Text displayed on screen that represents the spoken dialogue and other relevant audio information in video content. Subtitles (called captions in North America) are essential for deaf and hard of hearing viewers but are also widely used by hearing audiences in noisy…

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