Glossary

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Mainstream Classroom(also: Inclusive Classroom, Integrated Classroom)

An educational setting where students with disabilities learn alongside their non-disabled peers, typically with support services such as interpreters, captioning, or note-takers. For deaf and hard-of-hearing students, mainstream classrooms present unique accessibility…

Mainstream Education(also: Mainstreaming, Inclusive Education, Integrated Classroom)

The practice of educating students with disabilities in general education classrooms alongside non-disabled peers, rather than in separate special education settings. Mainstreaming emerged from disability rights legislation like the U.S. Individuals with Disabilities Education…

Mainstream inclusion(also: Educational inclusion, Inclusive education)

The practice of educating children with disabilities alongside their non-disabled peers in general education classrooms, supported by appropriate accommodations, assistive technologies, and specialist personnel. Mainstream inclusion is both a rights-based educational philosophy…

Maker Education(also: Making, Maker Movement, Makerspace Education)

An educational approach that emphasizes hands-on learning through designing, building, and debugging physical artifacts using tools such as electronics, 3D printers, laser cutters, and microcontrollers. Maker education connects theoretical knowledge with practical skills by…

Manipulative(also: Math Manipulative, Educational Manipulative, Tactile Manipulative)

A physical object used in education to help students learn abstract concepts through hands-on exploration and manipulation. In mathematics, common manipulatives include blocks, counters, fraction tiles, and geometric shapes. For students who are blind or have low vision,…

Mathematical Accessibility(also: Math Accessibility, STEM Accessibility)

The practice of making mathematical notation, formulas, equations, and quantitative content accessible to people with disabilities, particularly blind and low-vision users. Mathematical notation poses unique accessibility challenges because it is inherently visual and…

Mathematical Braille(also: Braille Mathematics, Math Braille)

Specialised braille notation systems used to represent mathematical symbols, expressions, and equations. Because standard literary braille has only 64 possible characters (from 6-dot cells), mathematical braille codes use various strategies to extend the symbol set: multi-cell…

Mathematics Learning Disability(also: Math Disability, Mathematical Disability, Mathematics Disorder)

A specific learning disability that affects a person's ability to understand, learn, or perform mathematical operations. Mathematics learning disabilities can manifest as difficulty with number sense, memorisation of arithmetic facts, calculation fluency, mathematical reasoning,…

Mediated Instruction(also: Mediated Learning, Interpreted Instruction)

An educational approach where content is delivered to students through an intermediary, such as a sign language interpreter, rather than directly from the instructor. Research shows that while mediated instruction can be as effective as direct instruction when classes are…

Metacognition(also: Thinking About Thinking, Meta-Cognitive Awareness)

The awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, including the ability to plan, monitor, and evaluate one's cognitive strategies during learning or problem-solving. In accessibility, supporting metacognition through design means providing tools and cues that help…

Multi-Grade Classroom(also: Multi-Grade Teaching, Combined Classroom)

A classroom setting where a single teacher instructs students from multiple grade levels simultaneously. Multi-grade classrooms are common in schools for the blind in India, where teacher shortages require TVIs to manage students across an average of 6.5 grade levels (some…

Multimedia Learning

The cognitive theory that people learn more effectively from words and pictures together than from words alone. According to Richard Mayer's cognitive theory of multimedia learning, working memory processes information through separate visual and auditory channels…

Multimodal Instruction(also: Multimodal Feedback, Multimodal Learning)

An instructional approach that combines two or more sensory modalities - such as verbal narration, non-verbal sound, haptic or tactile feedback, and visual demonstration - to convey information. In accessibility, multimodal instruction is used to replace or supplement…

Multimodal workshop materials(also: Multi-sensory workshop materials)

Physical materials designed for workshops or educational settings that convey the same content through multiple sensory channels — such as combining visual (large print, high contrast), tactile (braille, embossed textures, 3D printed objects), and auditory (NFC-triggered audio,…

Music Pedagogy(also: Music Education, Music Teaching)

The theory and practice of teaching and learning music, including methods for instruction, curriculum design, and assessment. In accessibility contexts, music pedagogy for blind and low vision learners faces significant challenges: most music teachers have little knowledge of…

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