Glossary

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Auditory Perception(also: Auditory Processing)

The ability to interpret and make sense of sound information received through the ears, including distinguishing between similar sounds, recognizing patterns in rhythm and pitch, and processing the temporal characteristics of audio signals. Differences in auditory perception are…

Dyslexia(also: Reading Disability, Developmental Dyslexia)

A neurologically-based learning disability that primarily affects the acquisition and processing of written language, manifesting as difficulties with reading, writing, spelling, and phonological processing. Dyslexia varies in severity and is estimated to affect 10-17% of the…

Language-Based Learning Impairment(also: LLI, Language Learning Impairment, Language Learning Disability)

A developmental condition in which children have difficulty acquiring language and later reading skills while other cognitive abilities appear relatively intact. Language-based learning impairments affect an estimated 20% of preschool and school-aged children, and more than 50%…

Mathematics Learning Disability(also: Math Disability, Mathematical Disability, Mathematics Disorder)

A specific learning disability that affects a person's ability to understand, learn, or perform mathematical operations. Mathematics learning disabilities can manifest as difficulty with number sense, memorisation of arithmetic facts, calculation fluency, mathematical reasoning,…

Multiple Cue Responding(also: MCR)

The ability to observe and attend to multiple features of a stimulus simultaneously (such as colour, shape, and size) and use all of those features to make decisions. Multiple cue responding is a foundational cognitive skill that typically develops around age three or four and…

Number Sense(also: Numeracy Intuition, Numerical Cognition)

The intuitive understanding of numbers, their magnitude, relationships, and how they are affected by operations. Number sense includes the ability to estimate quantities, understand relative size, recognize patterns, and make meaningful comparisons between numbers without…

Order-Irrelevance Principle

The counting principle that the order in which objects are counted does not affect the total — counting the same set of objects in any sequence will yield the same number. This concept, while intuitive for most people, is often not understood by learners with dyscalculia, who…

Overselectivity(also: Stimulus Overselectivity, Overselective Attention)

A learning challenge in which an individual attends to only one or a few features of a stimulus while ignoring other relevant features, resulting in an inability to discriminate between stimuli that share some characteristics. For example, a child who is overselective might…

Phonological Awareness(also: Phonemic Awareness, Sound Awareness)

The ability to recognize and manipulate the sound structures of spoken language, including syllables, rhymes, and individual phonemes. Phonological awareness is a foundational skill for reading and writing, and deficits in phonological processing are considered a core…

Phonological Processing(also: Phonological Awareness, Phonemic Awareness)

The ability to recognize and manipulate the sound structures of language, including identifying individual phonemes, blending sounds together, and segmenting words into their component sounds. Phonological processing is a core skill for reading acquisition and is one of the…

Specific Language Impairment(also: SLI, Developmental Language Disorder)

A neurodevelopmental condition characterised by significant difficulties in acquiring and using language that cannot be attributed to hearing loss, intellectual disability, neurological damage, or environmental deprivation. Children with specific language impairment may have…

Specific Learning Disability(also: SLD, Learning Disability, Learning Disorder)

A neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the brain's ability to receive, process, store, or respond to information, resulting in significant difficulties with reading, writing, or mathematics that are not attributable to intellectual disability, sensory impairment, or lack of…

Subitizing

The rapid, accurate perception of the number of items in a small group without counting, typically for quantities up to about four or five. Subitizing is considered a core numerical ability that contributes to number sense development. Individuals with dyscalculia often have…

Universal Screening(also: Population Screening, Mass Screening)

A systematic assessment process applied to all individuals in a defined population (such as all students in a school) to identify those who may be at risk for a particular condition, regardless of whether they have been referred or show obvious symptoms. In accessibility and…

Visual Perception(also: Visual Processing)

The brain's ability to interpret and organize visual information, including recognizing shapes, distinguishing between similar forms, perceiving spatial relationships, and processing symmetry. In accessibility contexts, differences in visual perception are relevant to dyslexia…

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