Glossary

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SARI(also: System output Against References and against the Input sentence)

An automatic evaluation metric for text simplification systems that compares a system’s output against both the original input sentence and a set of human-written simplification references, rewarding the system for adding appropriate words, keeping important words, and deleting…

Semantic Disambiguation(also: Word Sense Disambiguation)

Semantic disambiguation is the process of determining the intended meaning of a word, symbol, or input when multiple interpretations are possible. In accessibility and assistive technology contexts, semantic disambiguation is important in communication aids, predictive text…

Semantic Relatedness(also: Semantic Similarity, Semantic Association)

A measure of how closely related two words or concepts are in meaning, encompassing various types of relationships including synonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, and general topical association. In assistive technology, semantic relatedness is used to improve word prediction and…

Semantic distance(also: Semantic similarity, Word embedding distance)

A computational measure of how different two words are in meaning, typically derived from word embedding models like word2vec that represent words as vectors in a high-dimensional space. In caption evaluation for DHH users, semantic distance between an ASR error and the intended…

Sentiment Analysis(also: Opinion Mining)

A natural language processing technique that identifies and extracts subjective information from text, classifying it as positive, negative, or neutral. In accessibility research, sentiment analysis can be applied to social media posts, product reviews, and online discussions to…

Sequence-to-Sequence(also: Seq2Seq, Encoder-Decoder)

A neural network architecture designed for tasks where both input and output are sequences of variable length, such as machine translation, speech recognition, and video captioning. A seq2seq model consists of an encoder that processes the input sequence into a fixed-length…

Sign Language Generation(also: Sign Language Synthesis, Signing Generation)

The automatic production of sign language content, typically through computer-generated animations of signing avatars or video synthesis. Sign language generation systems convert text or symbolic representations of signs into visual output, often using motion-capture data,…

Sign Language Machine Translation(also: English-to-ASL Translation, Sign Language MT, Text-to-Sign Translation)

The automatic translation of written or spoken text into a signed language (or vice versa) using computational methods, typically producing output as an animated signing avatar or, less commonly, as recorded video clips. Because signed languages such as American Sign Language…

Speech Repair(also: Self-Correction, Speech Self-Repair, Command Correction)

Speech repair is the process of correcting or modifying a spoken utterance after it has been produced, either within the same turn or in a subsequent one. In natural conversation, speakers commonly interrupt themselves to fix errors, change wording, or update information using…

Spoken Dialog System(also: SDS, Voice Dialog System, Conversational AI)

A computer system that uses speech as both input and output to conduct goal-oriented conversations with users. Unlike simple voice command systems, spoken dialog systems can handle multi-turn exchanges, track conversation context, manage misunderstandings, and adapt to user…

Stemming(also: Word Stemming, Suffix Stripping)

Stemming is a natural-language-processing technique that reduces inflected or derived words to their base or root form — 'running', 'runs', and 'ran' all map to the stem 'run'. The Porter stemmer (1980) is the canonical example for English. Stemming helps information-retrieval…

Syntactic Parse Tree(also: Parse Tree, Syntactic Tree)

A tree-shaped data structure that represents the grammatical structure of a sentence according to a formal grammar. Internal nodes correspond to phrases (noun phrase, verb phrase, clause, sentence) and leaves correspond to individual words or signs. Parse trees are produced…

Syntactic Simplification(also: Sentence Simplification)

A form of text simplification that restructures complex sentences into simpler grammatical forms, such as splitting compound sentences, converting passive voice to active voice, or resolving relative clauses. Syntactic simplification reduces the cognitive load of parsing…

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