Glossary

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Text Alignment(also: Sequence Alignment, Transcript Alignment)

The process of matching corresponding segments between two or more text sequences that represent the same content but may differ in timing, wording, or structure. In captioning systems, text alignment is used to synchronize parallel transcription streams — such as…

Text Simplification(also: Automatic Text Simplification, Content Simplification)

The process of transforming complex written text into simpler, more understandable versions while preserving the essential meaning. Text simplification can be performed manually by content authors following plain language guidelines, or automatically using natural language…

Topic Modeling(also: LDA, Latent Dirichlet Allocation)

A machine learning technique that automatically discovers abstract themes or topics within a collection of documents by analyzing patterns of word co-occurrence. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is the most widely used topic modeling algorithm. In accessibility research, topic…

Topic Segmentation(also: Text Segmentation, Topicalisation)

A natural language processing technique that automatically divides a document into coherent sections based on changes in topic or subject matter. Topic segmentation algorithms detect boundaries where the semantic content of adjacent sentences or paragraphs shifts significantly,…

Toxicity detection(also: Content toxicity scoring, Toxic speech detection)

An NLP-based content moderation technique that assigns scores to text indicating the likelihood it is rude, disrespectful, or likely to make someone leave a conversation. Research has shown that toxicity detection models encode disability bias, scoring innocuous sentences that…

Transfer Machine Translation(also: Transfer MT, Rule-Based Transfer Translation)

A rule-based machine-translation paradigm that analyses the source text into a syntactic or semantic structure, applies a set of transfer rules to produce a corresponding structure in the target language, and then generates the target surface form. Transfer MT sits between…

Transformer(also: Transformer Model, Transformer Architecture)

A deep learning architecture introduced by Vaswani et al. in 2017 that relies entirely on attention mechanisms rather than recurrence (RNNs) or convolution for sequence modeling tasks. Transformers process entire input sequences in parallel using "self-attention" to weigh the…

Trigram(also: 3-gram)

A sequence of three consecutive words used in statistical language modeling for word prediction. Trigram models predict the next word based on the two preceding words, capturing more context than simpler unigram (single word) or bigram (two word) models. In AAC word prediction,…

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